Health Risks Assessment in Children for Phthalate Exposure Associated with Childcare Facilities and Indoor Playgrounds

Kim, Ho-Hyun; Yang, Ji-Yeon; Kim, Sun-Duk; Yang, Su-Hee; Lee, ChungSoo; Shin, Dong Chun; Lim, Young-Wook

doi:10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011008

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This may reflect the fact that the samples for adults were collected at least 4 h after their last hand washing, while for children in the present study, the interval between hand washing and handwipe sampling could have been as short as an hour. The DnBP levels in our handwipes were higher than those reported in two US studies (Morgan et al., ; Wilson et al., ) but lower than those reported in a Korean study (Kim et al., ). The BBzP levels in the present study were comparable to or lower than those measured in US and Korean studies, while the DEHP levels were comparable to those measured for children in Korean play rooms, but lower than those measured for children in Korean playgrounds, day care, and kindergartens.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes

et al. 2015

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This study indicates that children’s hands acquire substantial amounts of various phthalates. The levels measured in handwipes, although higher, are somewhat representative of levels on other body locations. Via dermal absorption, as well as hand-to-mouth activity, phthalates on hands and other body locations contribute to the overall body burden of these compounds. Dermal absorption from air and contact transfer from surfaces is expected to occur for many SVOCs commonly found indoors (e.g. bisphenols, synthetic musks, organophosphates). However, the dermal pathway has often been neglected in exposure assessments of indoor pollutants. Knowledge regarding phthalates and other SVOCs in handwipes can facilitate our understanding of risks and aid in the mitigation of adverse health effects resulting from indoor exposures. To make progress toward these goals, further studies are necessary, including investigations of phthalate level variability in skinwipes collected at different locations on the body and the impact of clothing on dermal absorption from air.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes

et al. 2015

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“…This results in kinetic constraints on the flux from air to skin; it is too small for dermal uptake from air to be an important pathway for compounds such as DEHP and DiNP. Although DEHP has been measured at high levels in skin wipes ( Gong et al 2014a ; Kim HH et al 2011 ), this likely reflects transfer to skin via contact with DEHP contaminated surfaces. In summary, dermal absorption directly from indoor air should be included as a contributory exposure pathway in risk assessments of low-molecular-weight phthalates, but this pathway is anticipated to be of decreasing importance with increasing molecular weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdermal Uptake of Diethyl Phthalate and Di( n -butyl) Phthalate Directly from Air: Experimental Verification

Weschler

Bekö

Koch

et al. 2015

Environ Health Perspect

165

209

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BackgroundFundamental considerations indicate that, for certain phthalate esters, dermal absorption from air is an uptake pathway that is comparable to or greater than inhalation. Yet this pathway has not been experimentally evaluated and has been largely overlooked when assessing uptake of phthalate esters.ObjectivesThis study investigated transdermal uptake, directly from air, of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) in humans.MethodsIn a series of experiments, six human participants were exposed for 6 hr in a chamber containing deliberately elevated air concentrations of DEP and DnBP. The participants either wore a hood and breathed air with phthalate concentrations substantially below those in the chamber or did not wear a hood and breathed chamber air. All urinations were collected from initiation of exposure until 54 hr later. Metabolites of DEP and DnBP were measured in these samples and extrapolated to parent phthalate intakes, corrected for background and hood air exposures.ResultsFor DEP, the median dermal uptake directly from air was 4.0 μg/(μg/m3 in air) compared with an inhalation intake of 3.8 μg/(μg/m3 in air). For DnBP, the median dermal uptake from air was 3.1 μg/(μg/m3 in air) compared with an inhalation intake of 3.9 μg/(μg/m3 in air).ConclusionsThis study shows that dermal uptake directly from air can be a meaningful exposure pathway for DEP and DnBP. For other semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) whose molecular weight and lipid/air partition coefficient are in the appropriate range, direct absorption from air is also anticipated to be significant.CitationWeschler CJ, Bekö G, Koch HM, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. 2015. Transdermal uptake of diethyl phthalate and di(n-butyl) phthalate directly from air: experimental verification. Environ Health Perspect 123:928–934; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409151

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“…Phthalates count among the omnipresent environmental chemicals in water and soil, but rarely occur in the air due to their low volatility (Kim et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2009;Bornehag et al, 2005b) Therefore, phthalate exposure due to inhalation exposure to indoor air was excluded from this study, considering the utilization efficiency of the results of this study. Sample collection from the artificial turf materials was identical to that used for metals.…”

Section: 4 Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns

Kim¹,

Lim²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

ajae

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Hazardous chemicals can be released from artificial turf used in some school playgrounds. To distinguish between Health risk assessment (HRA) exposure scenarios for this study, the ratio of elementary, middle and high schools was considered before final selection. Considering exposure pathways (inhalational, oral and dermal), media and materials were examined, targeting hazardous chemicals released from artificial turf playground-related products. Upon evaluation, the quantity of infill chips was shown to exceed the domestic product content standard (90 mg/kg) at eight (16%) out of 50 schools. PAHs were shown to exceed standards (10 mg/kg) at two (4%) out of the 50 schools. The excess cancer risk (ECR) of carcinogens was shown to be 1×10 -6 in most users for the worst exposure scenario. In children with pica, who represented the most extreme exposure group, the ECR was expected to be as high as 1×10 -4 , showing the low risk level of carcinogens. The hazard index (HI) for individual chemicals was shown to be low, at around 0.1 or less, except for children with pica, according to the mean exposure scenario of artificial turf playground exposure. However, the HI was shown to exceed 1.0 in children with pica. Therefore, no direct health risk was found in using artificial turf playgrounds and urethane flooring tracks for the mean exposure scenario, except in children with pica.

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Health Risks Assessment in Children for Phthalate Exposure Associated with Childcare Facilities and Indoor Playgrounds

Cited by 39 publications

References 22 publications

Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes

Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Beijing children and correlations with phthalate levels in their handwipes

Transdermal Uptake of Diethyl Phthalate and Di( n -butyl) Phthalate Directly from Air: Experimental Verification

Health Risk Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns

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