Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria

Oyebanjo, Olaonipekun; Ekosse, Georges‐Ivo E.; Odiyo, John O.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17134813

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…However, the TCR values of Ni in geophagic clays from Acacia, Etoudi, Madagascar, Mokolo and Muda-Betsi markets were greater than 10 −4 , suggesting that these clays could potentially be harmful to geophagists, especially to children (Figure 13). These results were consistent with findings by Oyebanjo et al [25], which showed that children consuming geophagic kaolinitic clays from Eastern Dahomey and the Niger Delta Basins (Nigeria) had more of a health risk than the adults.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These data agree with findings by Nkansah et al [22], who reported HI values in geophagic white clays from Kumasi Metropolis (Ghana) to be less than 1. The same trend was also observed in geophagic kaolins from Eastern Dahomey and the Niger Delta Basins in Nigeria [25] and those studied by Lar et al [12] in the same place. However, unlike these studies, Kortei et al [74] showed that geophagic clays consumed by pregnant women at Ho in Ghana had HI values greater 1.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Exposure to high levels of cadmium (Cd) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease [24]. Other elements such as iron (Fe), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) have also been associated to hepatic failure, arthritis, renal dysfunction, nausea, and diarrhoea [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Ekosse

Nkeng

Bukalo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This study assessed the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of geophagic clays sold in some markets in Cameroon to ascertain their provenance, contamination status and human health risk. To achieve this, 40 samples from 13 markets in Cameroon were purchased and analysed using X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for their mineralogy and geochemistry, respectively. The geophagic clays were dominantly made up of kaolinite and quartz. Their chemistry was dominated by SiO2, Al2O3 and LOI with means of 48.76 wt%, 32.12 wt% and 13.93 wt%, respectively. The major, trace and rare earth elements data showed that these geophagic clays were predominantly derived from felsic rocks. The contamination assessment indicated no enrichment of metals from anthropogenic sources, except for Zn in samples from Acacia, Madagascar and Mfoudi markets. The index of geo-accumulation indicated no contamination to moderate contamination of the clays. The non-carcinogenic index values for Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were generally less than 1, suggesting no non-carcinogenic risk exposure to children and adults consuming the geophagic clays from these metals. The carcinogenic risk index (TCR) for Ni and Cr were above 10−6, which implies that children and adults are vulnerable to minimal carcinogenic health risk. The TCR values from Ni posed the highest risk, especially to children consuming clays from some markets.

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Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Ekosse

Nkeng

Bukalo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Cr tends to cause kidney failure, lung cancer, and dermatitis (Adriano, 2001;Cefalu and Hu, 2004). Also, excess Cu has adverse effect on physiological processes such as: renal insufficiency, nausea and diarrhea (Oyebanjo et al, 2020, Awadh, 2015. Petzold and Al-Hashimi (2011) explained that the Ni plays an important role in the iron absorption by the human body and is vital for building vigorous bone structures, while the toxicity of Ni can lead to miscarriages and musculoskeletal defects (Vaktskjold et al 2008).…”

Section: Potential Human Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Source of Heavy Metals in the Geophagic Clay (Marl) and Its Implication on Human Health in NE Iraq: A Pilot Study

Ali

Naser

2021

IGJ

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Geophagy is the eating of non-food earthy matters practice (such as clay), which is performed especially in humans, to augment a scanty or mineral-deficient diet or as part of a cultural tradition. Geophagy, the intentional ingestion of clay or soil, is a prevalent practice among animals and humans, especially is more common in young ages, such as children and among pregnant women with a young age. In spite of some well documented cases, the motivations of this practice and its consequences on the status of health of the consumer are still unclear. This study focused on the source of heavy metals and its health impact because of the importance of the topic in the environmental hazards, especially as this addictive phenomenon may not be well known among families in our societies. During this study, twenty-four samples of marl were collected within the rock sequences of the Fatha Formation in the Kirkuk and Diyala, which are used in eating (mud eating disease) in these regions. The samples were subjected to laboratory studies including chemical analyses, to determine their contents of trace elements. The laboratory analytical data showed that these muds (marl) contain different concentrations of chemical elements such as (Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) which are among the heavy toxic elements and harmful to human health. A close look at the analytical data and results of the statistical and environmental factors, it is found that the marl (geophagia) consumption in terms of its content of trace elements, poses health risks to the consumer. However, it is worth mentioning to say that Geophagia practice may contribute large levels of the most beneficial elements such as Ca, Fe, K, Na, Cu, and Zn, supplying in demand mineral nutrients in the human body.

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“…This mineral exhibits many excellent physical, mechanical, and structural properties, which comply with the pharmaceutical technology requirements and which make them very useful for many pharmaceutical applications [1,5]. The chemical compositions of clay minerals include many potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in significantly different concentrations [5][6][7][8]. Some of these elements have harmful effects, such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and V. Excessive exposure to these PTEs could lead to one disease or another [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Carboniferous Egyptian Kaolin Treatment for Pharmaceutical Applications

et al. 2022

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This paper quantitatively determines the occurrences of potentially toxic elements in Carboniferous kaolin in southwestern Sinai, Egypt. This research describes, in detail, the experimental treatment optimization to be used in pharmaceutical applications. The concentrations of As, Co, Ni, Pb, and V in these kaolin deposits exceed the Permitted Concentrations of Elemental Impurities for oral use in pharmaceutical applications. Herein, six desorbing agents (acetic acid, citric acid, DTPA, EDDS, EDTA, and NTA) were utilized as extracting solutions in batch-wise extractions to select the proper reagents. Parameters such as the pH, the mixing speed and time, and the solid–solution ratio were varied to optimize the extraction conditions. The findings indicate that citric acid and EDTA were effective in the removal of the aforementioned elements. The results reveal that the optimum removal of potentially toxic elements from kaolin can be achieved using citric acid and EDTA concentrations of 0.2 M and 0.1 M, respectively, for the treatment of 5 g of kaolin, under a pH of 4 for citric acid, and a pH of 10 for EDTA. The ideal mixing speed and time are 500 rpm and 6 h, respectively. Using 1:10 S/L of citric acid and EDTA showed removal rates of 100% for all the investigated PTEs. We recommend this treatment for different kinds of kaolin showing various degrees of contamination.

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Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Potential Source of Heavy Metals in the Geophagic Clay (Marl) and Its Implication on Human Health in NE Iraq: A Pilot Study

Optimization of Carboniferous Egyptian Kaolin Treatment for Pharmaceutical Applications

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