Health Risk Due to Carbamate Exposure in Communities Around Paddy Field Areas

Abstract

Introduction: Carbamate is one of the most widely used pesticides in paddy field areas, which causes environmental pollution and human health problems. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the health risks of carbamate exposure in communities around paddy fields areas. Methods: This was an observational analysis study conducted using the health risk assessment approach. There were 20 samples of waterway streams from 10 sites observed in the morning (at high tide) and evening (at low tide) taken using a grab sampling method. The parameters of the waterway streams river, such as pH and temperature, were measured on-site using a pH meter and portable thermometer, while the carbamate concentration was analysed in the laboratory using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results and Discussion: The active ingredients of carbamate pesticides that observed as follows: aldicarb (0 – 0.05 mg/l), carbaryl (0 – 0.01 mg/l), carbofuran (0-0.005 mg/l), and propoxur (0-0.001 mg/l). While the pH (6.4 – 7.5) and temperature (22.1 – 32.4oC). The potential exposure of Aldicarb in grown-up and kids were 0.042 and 0.077 mg/kg bodyweight-day, respectively. Furthermore, the potential exposure of carbofuran in Grown-ups and kids were 0.004 and 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight-day, respectively. Only the carbofuran exposure in kids has a rate of RQ > 1, which is unsafe or can cause non-carcinogenic effects in the next 30 years. Conclusion: Although the carbamate concentrations in waterway streams around paddy field areas were below the quality standard, it is not safe. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out risk management and communication with local policymakers.

Penggunaan Pestisida, Pelindung Diri dan Keluhan Subjektif Pada Petani Padi di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir

“…3.207 formulasi dan telah memiliki izin 1 . Saat ini pestisida yang banyak digunakan di kawasan pertanian yaitu golongan organofosfat dan karbamat 2,3 . Paparan pestisida termasuk diantaranya golongan organofosfat dan karbamat dapat menyebabkan efek toksik 4 .…”

Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Exposure in Farmers Around Rice Farming Area in Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia

“…Organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates are commonly used pesticides in Indonesian agriculture and have adverse effects on human health (Joko et al, 2020). In Indonesia, the number of pesticide formulations used and registered for agricultural and plantation activities has reached 3,207 (Directorate of Fertilizers and Pesticides, 2016;Maksuk, 2019b). Currently, organophosphates and carbamates are commonly used pesticides in developing countries (Hinson et al, 2016;Gupta et al, 2017;Mwabulambo et al, 2018).…”

“…Currently, organophosphates and carbamates are commonly used pesticides in developing countries (Hinson et al, 2016;Gupta et al, 2017;Mwabulambo et al, 2018). Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are commonly used pesticides in Indonesia, including in the rice farming area of South Sumatra (Maksuk et al, 2021).…”

“…The overuse of pesticides can have negative effects on both human health and the environment (Kim et al, 2017;Yadav and Devi, 2017;Sharifzadeh et al, 2019;Upadhayay et al, 2020;Negatu et al, 2021). Previous studies have shown that active ingredients from pesticides can be found in rivers, surface water, and groundwater (Kapsi et al, 2019;Arisekar et al, 2021;Bhuiyan et al, 2021;Maksuk et al, 2021). Spraying pesticides on plants can pose a risk of inhalation for workers and harm the environment (Maksuk et al, 2018;Silva-Barni et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019).…”

“…Spraying pesticides on plants can pose a risk of inhalation for workers and harm the environment (Maksuk et al, 2018;Silva-Barni et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2019). In addition, pesticides are harmful to both the environment and public health (Kumar et al, 2018;Salazar-Flores et al, 2020;Maksuk et al, 2021).…”