Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability

Kim, Sun-Duk; Yang, Ji-Yeon; kim, ho hyun; Yeo, In-Young; Shin, Dong Chun; Lim, Young-Wook

doi:10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012005

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The amount of contaminant (potentially toxic metal) that reaches the blood stream or is absorbed by the body from the gastrointestinal tract is bioavailable metal [14]. Up to 50% of the lead ingested by the digestive system of children is bioavailable [15,16]; therefore, the concentration of PTM to which children are exposed to is of paramount importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analyses and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMS) in children’s toys

Oyeyiola

Akinyemi

Chiedu

et al. 2017

Journal of Taibah University for Science

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Chemical exposure of children, especially from toys, is an engineering concern. The concentration and availability of potentially toxic metals (PTM) in children's toys were determined to assess the risk that these metals pose to children. Samples of 25 toys imported from China to Nigeria were purchased. Ternary acid digestion, followed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, was used to determine the concentration of PTM in the sample. Simulations of the saline and stomach acid extraction conditions were performed to determine the concentrations of PTM that could leach out from the toys during children's mouthing behaviours (available PTM), including chewing, sucking and swallowing. The total concentrations of PTM in the toys ranged from 3.55-40.7, 3.21-38.2, 9.78-159, 3.55-11.2, and 36.1-106 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb, respectively. Availability studies showed concentrations ranging from 2.60-5.60 mg/kg for Pb, 0.53-2.03 mg/kg for Cd and 0.15-2.88 mg/kg for Ni after saline extraction, and the concentrations after stomach acid extractions ranged from 3.33-7.10 mg/kg, 1.15-3.15 mg/kg and 1.33-1.81 mg/kg for Pb, Cd and Ni, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the total concentration of PTM and toys made from PVC materials. The risk assessment study showed that Cd posed the highest risk, with a hazard index (HI) as high as 4.50 for saline extraction. The study revealed that more precaution is needed during the manufacture of children's toys.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analyses and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMS) in children’s toys

Oyeyiola

Akinyemi

Chiedu

et al. 2017

Journal of Taibah University for Science

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“…Metal concentrations contained in the urethane flooring materials were shown to be similar to those contained in the infill chips. Meanwhile, their bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 10 times lower than those of the infill chips (Kim et al, 2012). According to the US EPA (2009), the bioavailability of Pb by an acid extraction test of infill chips and artificial turf piles was estimated to be 4.7% (maximum 10%) and 34.2% (maximum 87%), respectively (Table 9).…”

Section: 3 Bioavailability Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns

Kim¹,

Lim²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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Hazardous chemicals can be released from artificial turf used in some school playgrounds. To distinguish between Health risk assessment (HRA) exposure scenarios for this study, the ratio of elementary, middle and high schools was considered before final selection. Considering exposure pathways (inhalational, oral and dermal), media and materials were examined, targeting hazardous chemicals released from artificial turf playground-related products. Upon evaluation, the quantity of infill chips was shown to exceed the domestic product content standard (90 mg/kg) at eight (16%) out of 50 schools. PAHs were shown to exceed standards (10 mg/kg) at two (4%) out of the 50 schools. The excess cancer risk (ECR) of carcinogens was shown to be 1×10 -6 in most users for the worst exposure scenario. In children with pica, who represented the most extreme exposure group, the ECR was expected to be as high as 1×10 -4 , showing the low risk level of carcinogens. The hazard index (HI) for individual chemicals was shown to be low, at around 0.1 or less, except for children with pica, according to the mean exposure scenario of artificial turf playground exposure. However, the HI was shown to exceed 1.0 in children with pica. Therefore, no direct health risk was found in using artificial turf playgrounds and urethane flooring tracks for the mean exposure scenario, except in children with pica.

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“…e dominant route by which the various chemicals in crumb rubber enter the human body will depend, in part, upon each compound's physicochemical properties. Kim et al show that Pb in the artificial turf could enter the human body through inhalation [11]. Lead-based coloring agents used in fibers of some artificial turf can be released into the environment on the usage of athletic fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Runoff from Different Types of Athletic Fields

Zhang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

Journal of Chemistry

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Environmental risk of heavy metals and metalloids in athletic fields has raised people’s attention in the recent years. Seven trace elements, including metals and metalloids, were detected in the runoff of five typical athletic fields in the university campus under three rainfall events. Except for Cr, the total concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd, and As in artificial turf runoff are the highest among five athletic fields, followed by that of plastic runway. The concentration and first flush effect of trace elements are followed in the order of 1st > 2nd > 3rd rainfall events. The strongest correlations between metals and metalloids were observed in the tennis court runoff, while the artificial turf shows the least. The release of trace elements could be directly from the surface materials and particles on the athletic field and influenced by the comprehensive factors including surface materials, rainfall events, and pollutant characters. Pollution risk assessment shows that the pollution extent of the five types of athletic field is at least “moderate” and follows the order of artificial turf > basketball court > plastic runway > badminton court > tennis court. Pb shows the highest pollution level, while Cr shows the highest healthy risk. The results can provide a theoretical basis for runoff pollution control and safety use of athletic fields.

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Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Statistical analyses and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMS) in children’s toys

Statistical analyses and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMS) in children’s toys

Health Risk Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns

Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Runoff from Different Types of Athletic Fields

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