Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater sources: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic evaluation
Kshipra Kapoor,
Shakti Kumar,
Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma
et al.
Abstract:Persistent exposure to arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead, and selenium in drinking water above permissible levels poses significant health risks, including increased incidences of skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancers. This study evaluated 34 water samples from Rupnagar district, Punjab, for heavy metal content. Health risks were assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) and chronic daily intake metrics. Aluminium concentrations were highest in Block Nurpur Bedi (36.43 mg/L). Arsenic levels in Ropar and Anandpur Sa… Show more
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