Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Shallow Groundwater of Coal–Poultry Farming Districts

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the heavy metal (Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, Pb, and Cr) pollution characteristics, sources, and human health risks in shallow groundwater in the impact zones of urban and rural semi-intensive poultry farms in Suzhou City. Ordinary kriging interpolation showed that poultry farming contributed substantially to the pollution of shallow groundwater by Mn, Zn, and Cu. Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify the sources of heavy metals, and the health risks were assessed based on the hazard index and carcinogenic risks of the various sources. Heavy metal enrichment was closely related to anthropogenic activities. In addition, four sources were identified: poultry manure (29.33%), natural source (27.94%), industrial activities (22.29%), and poultry wastewater (20.48%). The main exposure route of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children was oral ingestion. The non-carcinogenic risk of oral ingestion in children was higher than that in adults; the carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children. Poultry manure (42.0%) was considered the largest contributor to non-carcinogenic risk, followed by poultry wastewater (21%), industrial activities (20%), and natural sources (17%). Industrial activity (44%) was the primary contributor to carcinogenic risk, followed by poultry wastewater (25%), poultry manure (19%), and natural sources (12%).

Sources and Health Risks of Inorganic Toxicants in Gallus Gallus Domesticus (Broilers) in Uyo, Nigeria

“…This is lower than 0.00 -0.019 mgL -1 obtained in water samples from poultry farm at Maritime Region of Togo by Idrissa et al (2020). Cr ranged between 0.007 and 0.010 mgL -1 in the water samples examined which is below 0.00-0.31 mgL -1 reported by Chen et al (2022) in a related study. Cu varied from 0.976 to 1.018mgL -1 in the studied water samples.…”

“…The range of 0.002 -0.003 mgL -1 was recorded for Ni in the studied water samples. The range is below 0.00-0.65 mgL-1 obtained in a similar study by Chen et al (2022). Levels of Pb in water samples from farms investigated ranged from 0.001 to 0.002mgL -1 which is lower than 0.021-0.2283 mgL -1 obtained by Ogunwale et al (2021).…”

Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of Pingshuo mining area

“…Agricultural activities such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides can make As enter the soil and then infiltrate into groundwater . Human domestic sewage and poultry farms can cause an increase in Cr concentration in groundwater (Chen et al, 2022). Combined with the spatial distribution of Pb, As, and Cr in groundwater, the high-value area is mainly the area with strong human activity.…”

“…The third factor (Factor 3) accounted for 14.87% of the total contribution, which was distinguished by Cu (77.31%), Zn (65.68%), Cd (56.28%), and Cr (36.62%). The concentration of Cu and Zn in the lower stratum is greater than that in the upper stratum (Ma et al, 2007), and the content of Ni in the leaching solution of coal and gangue is higher (Chen et al, 2022). Many artificial landforms, such as waste piles, gangue piles, and dumps, have appeared on the surface of coal mining.…”

Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in mine water inrush and environmental risk assessments

“…All samples were stored and transported at 4°C. Analysis of the samples was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for most metals (Chen et al 2022). The precision of analysis met the requirement of within 25% standard deviation of measurements, while the accuracy fell within a satisfactory range of 75-125% (Li et al 2016, Wongsasuluk et al 2014).…”