Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos in pregnant women using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

Abstract

Since chlorpyrifos (CPF), a major organophosphorus pesticide, is widely used for agricultural and domestic purposes, thus, humans may be exposed to these toxic compounds through multiple sources. In recent years, significant concerns have been raised regarding the deleterious effects of exposure to CPF on human health, especially growing fetus. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the health risks of exposure to CPF among pregnant women living in Isfahan province, Iran, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The urinary concentration of 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), the most common metabolite of CPF, was measured as the biomarker of current exposure to CPF. For this purpose, spot urine samples were taken from 110 pregnant women and the urinary concentrations of TCP were quantified. The estimated daily intake and hazard quotient (HQ) for CPF exposure were measured according to the reference values set by World Health Organization (WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for acute and chronic exposure to CPF. Based on the results, TCP was detected in more than 70% of samples (3.8 ± 2.72 μg/L). The estimated daily intake for some participants was found to be higher than the suggested reference dose by USEPA for chronic exposure to CPF. Furthermore, the HQ>1 was obtained for 20% of the study population in Monte-Carlo analysis using USEPA chronic reference dose, indicating that chronic toxic effects are expected at least for a part of the target population. Based on the findings, proper measures should be taken to reduce the exposure of Iranian pregnant women to CPF and resultant health risks.

Benchmark Dose Approach to DNA and Liver Damage by Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid in Male Rats: The Protective Effect of a Clove-Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Loaded with Pomegranate Peel Extract

“…However, its active metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and chlorpyrifos-oxone (CPO) are more persistent and can accumulate in tissues and fluids. These metabolites are highly toxic [ 121 , 122 ]. IM can produce various toxic effects, and at lower doses, it can impair liver function, resulting in hepatotoxicity and jaundice.…”

Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea

“…A sensitivity test was conducted to confirm the contribution of each factor to the risk calculated with the probabilistic method [ 32 ]. As a result, for all age groups (scenario 1 and 2) and adults (scenario 3 [adults]), food intake contributed the most to risk ( Figure 5 ).…”

Binding and Detoxification of Insecticides by Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Environment—An In Vitro Study

“…Most of the patients presented with symptoms such as headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting [ 109 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies organophosphate pesticides as either extremely toxic or moderately toxic to human health [ 110 ]. According to Taheri et al, metabolites of chlorpyrifos were detected in over 70% of samples, with an average concentration of 3.80 ± 2.72 µg/L [ 110 ].…”