Health risk assessment of emissions from brick kilns in Tando Hyder, Sindh, Pakistan using the AERMOD dispersion model

Shaikh, Kaleemullah; Imran, Uzma; Khan, Abid Hossain; Khokhar, Waheed Ali; Bakhsh, Hussain T.

doi:10.1007/s42452-020-3089-1

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We identified 4 papers reporting cancer risk due to exposure to kiln emissions, namely PAHs, metals, and radionucleotides. 20,104,115,116 However, all 4 of these studies were excluded from the health outcomes review as the risk assessment was based on models rather than collected health outcome data. In addition, one of the studies modelled the risk based on PAH concentrations in an agricultural and brick production area rather than at a kiln site.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicolaou,

Sylvies,

Veloso

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundBrick kiln emissions adversely affect air quality and the health of workers and individuals living near the kilns; however, evidence of the impacts of brick kiln pollution remains limited.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of brick kiln pollution (emissions, source contributions and personal exposures) and its effects on health. We extracted articles from electronic databases and through manual citation searching. We estimated pooled, sample-size-weighted means and standard deviations for personal exposures by job type; computed mean emission factors and pollutant concentrations by brick kiln design; and meta-analyzed differences in means or proportions for health outcomes between brick kiln workers (BKWs) and controls or for participants living near or far away from kilns.ResultsOur search yielded 1015 articles; 208 (20%) were assessed for eligibility and 101 (10%) were included in our review. We identified three additional studies through manual searching. Of 104 studies, 74 (71%) were conducted in South Asia. The most evaluated pollutants were particulate matter (PM; n=48), sulfur dioxide (SO2; n=24) and carbon monoxide (CO; n=22), and the most evaluated health outcomes were respiratory health (n=34) and musculoskeletal disorders (n=9). PM and CO emissions were higher among traditional than improved brick kilns. Mean respirable silica exposures were only measured in 4 (4%) studies and were as high as 620 μg/m3, exceeding the NIOSH recommended exposure limit by a factor of over 12. BKWs had consistently worse lung function, more respiratory symptoms, more musculoskeletal complaints, and more inflammation when compared to unexposed participants across studies; however, most studies had a small sample size and did not fully describe methods used for sampling or data collection.DiscussionOn average, BKWs had worse health outcomes when compared to unexposed controls but study quality supporting the evidence was low. Few studies reported silica concentrations or personal exposures, but the few that did suggest that exposures are high. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between brick kiln pollution and health among workers, and to evaluate exposure mitigation strategies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicolaou,

Sylvies,

Veloso

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Many researches have proposed a health risk assessment methodology such as health risk assessment for emissions of power plant in Malaysia [5], health risk assessment for emissions from Jamshoro thermal power station [12]. Health risk assessment (HRA) contains four steps in a row:…”

Section: ) Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where; RfD: is daily estimate of exposure to toxic substances through mouth [16] and BW is the body weight.…”

Section: 3) Assessment Of People's Exposure To Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exposure of air concentration EC is calculated by the AREMOD program by entering the emissions measurements of the stack with the rest of the information required in the input of the program. If the hazard quotient -HQ inhalation -is less than one, this means that the concentration value for the pollutant is less than reference concentration [21]. This, in turn, indicates that the potential risk of the pollutant is at an acceptable and safe level, with no need to take any measures to reduce the pollutant level [19].…”

Section: 4) Risk Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Emissions from Cement Plants Using AERMOD Modeling

et al. 2022

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Coal combustion generates many gases and emissions which are harmful to public health and the environment. So, it is necessary to assess the health risks for the people living in the nearby cement plants that use coal as a fuel. In this article, a health risk assessment HRA was carried out concerning the air emissions from a cement plant in the heavy industry area located at Beni Suef governorate - Egypt. The article handles the assessment of the health risks for pollutants classified as non-carcinogenic i.e. sulfur dioxide - mercury and the health risks for pollutants classified as carcinogenic i.e. arsenic – chromium VI. An Air dispersion modeling program AERMOD is used to measure and evaluate long and short terms health impacts to expect the concentration of pollutants at the ground level within 30 km radius of the studied cement plant. The emissions measurements findings are used as input to the model in addition to some factors such as meteorology and surrounding terrain. Consequently, the program can implement simulations for the emissions concentration level of the mentioned pollutants and their effects on the population at Jazirat Abu Salih village, which is 10 km far from the studied cement plant. The results for mentioned pollutants concentrations levels matched with acceptance and safe levels of ambient air quality standards. In addition, the increment lifetime cancer risk ILCR by inhalation was calculated for arsenic and chromium and all results conformed with the safe and accepted limits.

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“…1 [16, 17]. The formulation of the fuel composition is situation speci c and the portion of each component is mainly decided on the basis of cost [17,18,19]. In Pakistan the most common type of furnace for heating the sun-dried bricks is Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kilns (FCBTK) [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of black plumes from the chimneys of brick making kilns; a compositional study of the blackish particulates

Hassan

Khan

Syed

et al. 2022

Preprint

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In Pakistan brick making industries use indigenous unprocessed coal for kiln heating. Beside coal, waste hydrocarbons are intermittently added, particularly during the refueling in order to maintain a smooth combustion inside the kiln. Presently, it is presumed that the blackish smoke is the combustion product of waste rubber/waste oil. To verify the hypothesis, Whatman grade 1 filter paper was placed at the chimney exit for the sample collection. A powerful scanning electron microscope (SEM) having a built in energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) unit, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analytical techniques were utilized to verify the chemical composition of the sample. The SEM image at a ×30,000 magnification displays many roundish masses having size between 2 - 0.5 microns. The elements in these spherical particles were carbon, oxygen, and sulfur (EDS analysis). What we know is that these detected elements are common coal compositions usually referred as cenosphere. Moreover, XRF analysis of a calcined sample highlighted a noticeable decrease in SO3 entity (common in coal). N2- adsorption isotherm shows that the surface area of the flying coal particles is too low, whereas the appearance of the spherical objects in SEM images is like a fullerene, a carbon allotrope. XRD and TGA analysis supports the initial inference that these emissions contain fine coal particles. These coal particulates are hazardous and should be bagged in a separate cleaning tower system.

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Health risk assessment of emissions from brick kilns in Tando Hyder, Sindh, Pakistan using the AERMOD dispersion model

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Assessment of Emissions from Cement Plants Using AERMOD Modeling

Emissions of black plumes from the chimneys of brick making kilns; a compositional study of the blackish particulates

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