Health risk assessment of construction workers from trace metals in PM_2.5 from Kolkata, India

Composition, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk of PM2.5-Bound Metals during Winter Haze in Yuci College Town, Shanxi, China

“…For Cr (VI), since total chromium concentrations were only available from the literature in some regions, the concentrations of Cr (VI) were also calculated to be 1/7 of the Cr concentration according to the US EPA regional screening levels [22]. For comparison, the mean concentration of Cr (VI) during the 2020 winter haze periods in YCT of China was higher than those in T rinec-Kosmos of Czech Republic [36], Iasi of Romania [39], Koldata of India [41], Kitakyushu of Japan [7], Saudi Arabia [6], Los Angeles of USA [12], Beijing [33], and Chongqing [37] of China. Conversely, the concentrations of Cr (VI) in the remaining regions were higher than that of YCT in China.…”

“…One type of health risk assessment is based solely on one exposure route, i.e., the inhalation route, while the other type of health risk assessments considers three exposure routes: inhalation, dermal, and oral intake. The former type was applied for health risk assessments in the industrial cities of Iran [40], Kolkata of India [41], Beijing of China [13], and Tianjin of China [38]. The latter type was used in Saudi Arabia [6], Hebei of China [54], and Shenzhen of China [53].…”