“…where 'H' denotes a measure of health outcomes, the number of physically/mentally unhealthy days in the past 30 days. The number of unhealthy days as a continuous variable ranges from 0 to 30 days (Jia and Lubetkin, 2009;Clifford et al, 2013;Mahabaleshwarkar et al, 2013;Son, 2016;Son, 2018). 'd' represents a group of socio-demographic variables (retirement status, age, educational level, and income level, and race/ethnicity), selected health behavior variables (exercise, smoking status, and drinking status), and chronic health conditions (CVD HA, CVD CHD, CVD stroke, asthma, and diabetes).…”