“…[11][12][13] Others described no differences in emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or immunizations for infants of younger and older mothers. [14][15][16] Limited available research suggested that the average adolescent mother has lower income than the average older mother, less education, and less awareness of her infant's medical needs, suggesting less ability to promote infant health. 2,8,[17][18][19] The association between infant health and socioeconomic status limits the usefulness of most studies of this issue, which typically rely on health care claims data that do not permit individual-level controls for characteristics such as education or income.…”