Background: The worldwide total fertility rate has declined, and the age pattern of childbearing and marriage has changed markedly. This trend has affected the social and economic development, especially fertility health. Previous studies indicated that incorrect perceptions of fertility can influence the fertility choice, and postponing parenthood is associated with an increase risk of higher maternal age in direction of more pregnancy-related complications. However, little is known in China, which has a low total fertility rate. Hence, understanding the knowledge about fertility is greatly needed. The aim was to investigate the knowledge about fertility issues among college students, the related influence factors, the way of acquiring fertility knowledge, the relationship between fertility knowledge and fertility intention. Methods : An online cross-sectional survey among Chinese college students was conducted in Hunan province from March to April in 2018. A total of 867 college students from three comprehensive universities responded to a poster invitation utilizing the Chinese version of the Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS-C). Results: The average percent correct score on the CFKS-C was 49.86% (SD=20.817), with greater knowledge significantly related to living in a city district, currently having a stable relationship, majoring in medicine/health, the year 4 or above of study, and intention to have children (all p <0.05). The lowest score was “having a healthy lifestyle makes you fertile (false)”, the highest score was “a woman is less fertile after the age of 36 years (true)”. And then, 81.88% participants said that they would like to have children, the average score of the importance of childbearing was 6.34 (SD=2.714), female’s score was lower than male’s ( p =0.001). A small positive relationship was observed between the CFKS-C and the importance of childbearing ( r =0.074, p =0.035). Respondents said they gained most of their knowledge from the media and internet (41.36%) and schools (38.25%). Conclusion: The college students have a modest level of fertility knowledge, a relatively low intention to have a child, and deficiencies in fertility health education. Key words: Fertility knowledge; Fertility intention; Childbearing; College students; Awareness;