Health inequalities related to informal employment: gender and welfare state variations in the Central American region

Rodriguez-Loureiro, L; Vives, Alejandra; Franzoni, Juliana Martínez; López-Ruiz, María

doi:10.1080/09581596.2018.1559923

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…From the perspective of the difference in depressive symptoms between formal and informal employees, we draw the conclusion that informal work will obviously increase the mental health risk of employees. The results of this study are basically consistent with most previous studies in China and abroad [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 34 ]. A typical exception is stated in [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Cai

Kong

Lian

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The mental health status of informal employees is rarely studied in China. Nowadays, new economic forms such as gig economy and platform economy are emerging with the rapid development of information and communication technology, which has brought great changes to the labor market, especially to the informal employment field. Thus, it is of great significance to investigate the depressive symptoms among informal employees in the digital era. Based on the cross-sectional data of CFPS (China Family Panel Studies, 2018), this study takes a quantitative analysis framework to explore and analyze the association between informal employment and depressive symptoms in the Chinese labor market. After screening, a data set of 8893 employees (60.5% male and 39.5% female) was established. Several statistical methods, including the Mann–Whitney test and probit regression model, were used in the sample data analysis. The results show that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among informal employees is significantly higher than that among formal employees. Depressive symptoms are highly related to informal work and other factors, such as education, physical health, household income, etc. The impact of Internet use on informal employees’ depressive symptoms is not significant. The mental health inequality between formal and informal employees still exists in the digital era, and corresponding labor market regulations and social policies should be perfected to address this issue.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Cai

Kong

Lian

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Previous studies have found a higher prevalence of informal pro les among women compared to men. (10) We also found that women are not more vulnerable than men to the effects of informality, which was shown in previous studies (32) and re ected in more non-signi cant associations in familialist countries. In addition to the above considerations, these results could be explained by the social security system being less effective in compensating women than men, because women who have formal employment could continue to experience a precarious situation(10) that negatively impacts their health.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…(7) The lack of social security reduces access to health care services,(8) and informal employment has been related to unfavourable health outcomes, such as self-perceived health and mental health. (4,9,10) In most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries, only formal workers have access to national health systems and social protection bene ts. (11) In the last two decades, LAC countries have developed an approach to address health-system reforms, which combine demand-side changes to alleviate poverty and comprehensive primary health care to extend service access.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regime, social policies are weak or inexistent, and informal employment accounts for most of the labour market. (10) The scienti c literature analysing health differences and inequities between countries in relation to welfare state regimes is almost limited to high-income countries and the Esping-Andersen typology. (21) Thus, with few exceptions, almost no studies have assessed health inequities in relation to welfare state regimes in low-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Informal Employment and Poor Self-Perceived Health in Latin America and The Caribbean: A Gender-Based Comparison Between Countries and Welfare States in A Pooled Analysis Of 176,786 Workers

Utzet¹,

Botías²,

Silva-Peñaherrera³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: More than half of the working population in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries is engaged in informal employment. The few previous studies indicate that this employment condition could have negative consequences for workers' health. The aim of the present study was to estimate the association between self-perceived health and informality in LAC countries according to gender and welfare state type.Methods: The cross-sectional study based on different working conditions and health national surveys was carried out in 13 LAC countries between 2012 and 2018. A sample of 176,786 workers was selected from these surveys. The association between health and informality was estimated using Poisson regression. Finally, a random effects meta-analysis was carried out by country. All results were stratified by sex and type of welfare state (statalist or familialist).Results: Informal workers reported significantly worse health than formal workers, for both women (1.28 [95% CI 1.14-1.43]) and men (1.30 [1.12-1.50]). This difference was broader and more significant in countries with statalist welfare state regimes, among both women (1.40 [1.22-1.60]) and men (1.51 [1.30-1.74]), than in familialist regime countries (1.19 [1.03-1.38] and 1.24 [1.03-1.49], respectively).Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence of the association between informal employment and worker health. Welfare states appear to have a modifying effect on this association. The transition from the informal to the formal labour market in LAC is essential to improving the health of the population.

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“…Franzoni (2008) offers one of the few attempts to produce an integrated typology that addresses interactions between commodification, decommodification and defamilialization in welfare regimes characterized by labour market informality. Looking at patterns of social welfare across Latin American countries, Franzoni identifies three clusters: state productivist regimes (where social protection is used to encourage labour market participation), state protectionist regimes (with high levels of labour commodification, accompanied by protections for formal sector workers) and familialist regimes (marginal state provision, with welfare provided by family/community) (Franzoni, 2008;Rodriguez-Loureiro et al, 2020).…”

Section: Welfare Regimes In Lower and Middle-income Countries: Towards A Multi-level Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Does India have subnational welfare regimes? The role of state governments in shaping social policy

Tillin

2021

Territory, Politics, Governance

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This article asks whether state governments in India had developed sufficient autonomy during the era of multi-party fragmentation to determine and implement their own distinctive policy agendas in the field of social policy. It uses cluster analysis to look for variation in the welfare regimes of state governments within India's federal system. Employing the metrics of (de)commodification and defamilialization commonly used in the comparative cross-national literature on welfare regimes to assess the extent to which public welfare provision reduces dependence on market forces and family structures, the paper finds that India's states cluster in ways that suggest the existence of distinctive subnational welfare regimes rather than straightforward variation within a national welfare regime. The analysis challenges the national-level bias inherent in previous studies of comparative welfare regimes and offers insights into the operation of regional autonomy within the domain of social policy in India's federal system.

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Health inequalities related to informal employment: gender and welfare state variations in the Central American region

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Informal Employees in the Digital Era

Informal Employment and Poor Self-Perceived Health in Latin America and The Caribbean: A Gender-Based Comparison Between Countries and Welfare States in A Pooled Analysis Of 176,786 Workers

Does India have subnational welfare regimes? The role of state governments in shaping social policy

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