Health Inequalities During COVID-19 and Their Effects on Morbidity and Mortality

Mishra, Vaibhav; Seyedzenouzi, Golnoush; Almohtadi, Ahmad; Chowdhury, Tasnim; Khashkhusha, Arwa; Axiaq, Ariana; Wong, W. Y.; Harky, Amer

doi:10.2147/jhl.s270175

Cited by 129 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…In addition to consumers’ behavior changes, the coronavirus crisis is causing many problems and is worsening pre-existing conditions. Many people around the world have lost their jobs and inequalities related to wealth, income level and social protection have exacerbated [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Moreover, food insecurity [ 64 ] increased among who have already suffered from poverty in developing countries [ 65 ] but disparities came out also in developed countries [ 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Habits during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Nutritional and Lifestyle Side Effects of the Pandemic

et al. 2021

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To limit the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a nationwide lockdown started in Italy in March 2020. In this unpredictable situation, a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was carried out by the Observatory on Food Surplus, Recovery and Waste of CREA Food and Nutrition Centre. The aim of this work was to evaluate how Italian habits changed during this period, the determinants of changes, and the effect on food waste prevention. In a sample of 2678 respondents, 62% showed low Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (AMD). During lockdown many of participants improved the quality of their diet, increasing their consumption of fruit (24.4%), vegetables (28.5%), legumes (22.1%), nuts (12%), and fish or shellfish (14%). Unfavorable changes were observed with the excessive consumption of sweets or pastries (36.9%) and comfort foods (22.7%), and a lack of physical activity (37.2%). The main novelty of this study was the examination of dietary changes identified by a cluster analysis. Respondents with generally high AMD improved their eating habits, while the habits of the respondents with generally low AMD remained unchanged. In addition, nearly 80% of respondents were sensitive to food waste. The study provides a useful contribution to the debate on nutritional recommendations in case of further lockdown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Habits during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Nutritional and Lifestyle Side Effects of the Pandemic

et al. 2021

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“…The emergence of new viral variants, such as the B.1.1.7 variant, further complicates efforts to contain the virus and raises important questions about the efficacies of approved vaccines that were developed against the original viral isolate [13]. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be the cause of considerable morbidity, mortality, socio-economic burden and brings acute attention to the disruptive potential of emerging pathogenic viruses and the urgent need to find new methods for stopping them [4,5].…”

Section: Global Health Challenges and Economic Burdensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the fragility of the envelope, enveloped viruses are generally more sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., low humidity and increased temperature) that adversely affect the structure of the virus and reduce its infectivity [17]. Both types of viruses-including enveloped (SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus A, and HIV-1) and nonenveloped (norovirus and rhinoviruses)-have caused considerable economic disruption and loss of life [4,5,[18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Virus Structure and The Replication Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example of the global impact of viruses, the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought to the forefront unresolved challenges in prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the viral cause of this pandemic, has become the source of widespread morbidity, mortality, and economic burden [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Thermal Plasma as a Novel Strategy for Treating or Preventing Viral Infection and Associated Disease

et al. 2021

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Pathogenic viruses cause many human, animal, and plant diseases that are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and socio-economic impact. Although effective strategies for combatting virus transmission and associated disease are available, global outbreaks of viral pathogens such as the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate that there is still a critical need for new approaches that can be used to interrupt the chain of viral infection and mitigate virus-associated pathogenesis. Recent studies point to non-thermal plasma (NTP), a partly ionized gas comprised of a complex mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species along with physical effectors, as the potential foundation for new antiviral approaches. A more thorough understanding of the antiviral properties and safety of NTP has stimulated explorations of NTP as the basis for treatments of viral diseases. The recently described immunomodulatory properties of NTP are also being evaluated for potential use in immunotherapies of viral diseases as well as in antiviral vaccination strategies. In this review, we present the current state-of-the-art in addition to compelling arguments that NTP merits further exploration for use in the prevention and management of viral infections and associated diseases.

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“…Among patients with COVID-19, 80% present with symptoms of mild to moderate severity, with or without pneumonia, while 5-14% develop serious or critical respiratory disease, requiring intensive care unit support (1,3,4). The mortality rate of COVID-19 ranges from 0.1 to 19.7%, depending on several factors, such as country of origin, socioeconomic background, comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and disease severity (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). These comorbidities and advanced age (especially > 65 years) increase the risk of mortality (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opaganib in COVID-19 pneumonia: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2a trial

Winthrop

Skolnick²,

Rafiq

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Rationale: Opaganib, an oral sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. We thus considered that opaganib could be beneficial for moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of opaganib on supplemental oxygen requirements, time to hospital discharge and its safety in COVID-19 pneumonia hospitalized patients requiring supplemental oxygen. Methods: This Phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, was conducted between July and December 2020 in eight sites in the USA. Forty-two enrolled patients received opaganib (n=23) or placebo (n=19) added to standard of care for up to 14 days and were followed up for 28 days after their last dose of investigational product. Main Results: By Day 14, 50.0% of patients in the opaganib and 22.2% in the placebo group no longer required supplemental oxygen for at least 24 hours, while 86.4% and 55.6%, respectively, were discharged from hospital. The relative decrease in total supplemental oxygen requirement from baseline to Day 14 was 61.6% in the opaganib versus 46.7% in the placebo arms. The incidence of ≥ Grade 3 treatment-emergent adverse events was 17.4% and 33.3% in the opaganib and placebo groups, respectively. Three deaths occurred in each group. Conclusions: In this proof-of-concept study, patients receiving oral opaganib required less supplemental oxygen, resulting in earlier hospital discharge, with no safety concerns arising. These findings support further evaluation of opaganib in this population.

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Health Inequalities During COVID-19 and Their Effects on Morbidity and Mortality

Cited by 129 publications

References 51 publications

Eating Habits during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Nutritional and Lifestyle Side Effects of the Pandemic

Eating Habits during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Nutritional and Lifestyle Side Effects of the Pandemic

Non-Thermal Plasma as a Novel Strategy for Treating or Preventing Viral Infection and Associated Disease

Opaganib in COVID-19 pneumonia: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2a trial

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