Health effects of social connectedness in older adults living in congregate long‐term care settings: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence

Abstract

BackgroundThe overall impact of social connectedness on health outcomes in older adults living in nursing homes and assisted living settings is unknown. Given the unclear health impact of social connectedness for older adults in congregate long‐term care settings worldwide, a comprehensive systematic review is required to evaluate the overall relationship between social connectedness and health outcomes for them.ObjectivesThe purpose of this article was to synthesize the literature regarding the health impact of social connectedness among older adults living in nursing homes or assisted living settings.MethodsUsing PRISMA guidelines, we identified eligible studies from Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane databases (1990–2021). Bias and quality reporting assessment was performed using standardized criteria for cohort, cross sectional and qualitative studies. At each stage, ≥ 2 researchers conducted independent evaluations.ResultsOf the 7350 articles identified, 25 cohort (follow‐up range: 1 month–11 years; with two also contributing to cross sectional), 86 cross sectional, eight qualitative and two mixed methods were eligible. Despite different instruments used, many residents living in nursing homes and assisted living settings had reduced social engagement. Quantitative evidence supports a link between higher social engagement and health outcomes most studied (e.g. depression, quality of life). Few studies evaluated important health outcomes (e.g. cognitive and functional decline). Most cohort studies showed that lack of social connectedness accelerated time to death.ConclusionsSocial connectedness may be an important modifiable risk factor for adverse health outcomes for older adults living in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Most studies were cross sectional and focused on quality of life and mental health outcomes. Longitudinal studies suggest that higher social engagement delays time to death. Evidence regarding other health outcomes important to older adults was scant and requires further longitudinal studies.

The Impact of a Structured Social Workshop on Risk Behaviors and Mood Regulation

“…Specifically, participants in the Social Connectedness Workshop reported reduced engagement in risk-taking behaviors and enhanced abilities in mood regulation at post-intervention and at a three-month follow-up. These outcomes underscore the significant role of social connectedness as a protective factor in mental health and behavioral regulation, aligning with a growing body of research that emphasizes the importance of social bonds and support systems in mitigating psychological distress and promoting well-being (Fox, 2023;Lim, 2023).…”

“…The significant improvements in mood regulation observed in the study participants also highlight the therapeutic potential of enhancing social connectedness. Previous research has demonstrated the health benefits of social ties, particularly in mitigating the effects of social isolation and loneliness on mental health (Lim, 2023;Ransome, 2023). By providing a structured framework for participants to connect with others and build meaningful relationships, the workshop directly addressed one of the critical determinants of emotional well-being.…”

“…The Social Connectedness Workshop is designed as an 8session intervention, each lasting 90 minutes, aimed at enhancing social connectedness, reducing risk-taking behaviors, and improving mood regulation among participants. The program integrates cognitive-behavioral techniques, experiential exercises, and group discussions to foster a supportive environment for personal growth and learning (Bao et al, 2023;Fox, 2023;Lim, 2023;Ransome, 2023;Stone et al, 2014;Templeton, 2021).…”

“…The impact of social connectedness on mood regulation is also well-documented. Lim (2023) reported that social connectedness significantly enhances health outcomes in older adults, emphasizing its role in emotional well-being (Lim, 2023). Moreover, the detrimental effects of social isolation on mood and mental health further affirm the critical role of social connectedness in psychological functioning (Fox, 2023).…”