2015
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051908
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Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking

Abstract: ObjectiveIt is widely held that waterpipe smoking (WPS) is not associated with health hazards. However, several studies have documented the uptake of several toxicants and carcinogens during WPS that is strongly associated with harmful health effects. This paper reviews the literature on the health effects of WPS.Data sourcesThree databases-PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE-were searched until August 2014 for the acute and long-term health effects of WPS using the terms ‘waterpipe’ and its synonyms (hookah, shisha, g… Show more

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Cited by 298 publications
(249 citation statements)
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References 124 publications
(237 reference statements)
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“…WPS poses risks to health because of the smoker's prolonged exposure to toxins while smoking 7 . The adverse health effects are similar to those of cigarette smoking 7 , and include respiratory illnesses, various cancers, mouth and throat diseases, cardiovascular disease, and low birth weight [10][11][12] . Some waterpipe smokers use herbal products instead of tobacco 13,14 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 80%
“…WPS poses risks to health because of the smoker's prolonged exposure to toxins while smoking 7 . The adverse health effects are similar to those of cigarette smoking 7 , and include respiratory illnesses, various cancers, mouth and throat diseases, cardiovascular disease, and low birth weight [10][11][12] . Some waterpipe smokers use herbal products instead of tobacco 13,14 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 80%
“…A small but increasing research literature suggests that hookah use may be asaddictive 8 and more harmful 9,10 than cigarettes. Hookah smoking has been associated with an increased risk of many diseases, ranging from lung cancer to periodontal disease 11 . The World Health Organization states that one hookah smoking session may be equivalent to inhaling as much smoke as using 5 packs of cigarettes 12 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, a prevalence of WTS reaching 25% and 16% among 11-15 year old school male and female students, respectively in Estonia is worrying [14]. With the success of tobacco control efforts that mainly targeted cigarette smoking and the increase of evidence on the health effects of WTS [15], immediate action should be taken to curb the WTS epidemic globally and from Arab countries in particular. Special attention should be given to Arab women and youth who are the most vulnerable.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%