Health disparities between genderqueer, transgender, and cisgender individuals: An extension of minority stress theory.

Abstract

This study suggests that individuals who identify outside the gender binary (e.g., genderqueer, gender nonconforming) experience more discrimination, victimization, poor mental health outcomes, and suicidality or self-harm than do both trans-and cisgender men and women. It highlights sociocultural factors such as lack of knowledge about genderqueer experiences and pronouns, poor access to legal and medical resources, and systemic discrimination that may be responsible for these trends. 396A Caballo Regalao no se le Mira el Colmillo: Colonial Mentality and Puerto Rican Depression

Comparing the health of non-binary and binary transgender adults in a statewide non-probability sample

“…These findings are consistent with the USTS, which found that the prevalence of homelessness was substantially higher among respondents whose immediate family had kicked them out of the house, with nearly three-quarters (74%) of these respondents experiencing homelessness. [11] While family rejection was higher for non-binary participants in the present sample, contrary to what was anticipated, [19] no significant differences were found in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse, bullying, lifetime physical and sexual assault, or relevant protective factors such as number of close friends. Indeed, nonbinary participants did report significantly lower lifetime experiences of IPV relative to binary participants, which could be explained in part by the finding that non-binary individuals were less likely to be sexually active, though no differences were found according to current relationship status.…”

“…Some research has found higher prevalence of harassment, trauma, and sexual assault for non-binary young adults relative to those who identify as binary. [19] The USTS survey showed only slight differences in the prevalence of lifetime sexual assault by binary gender identity (44% binary vs. 46% non-binary); however, binary individuals were more likely to be physically attacked (29%) and sexually assaulted (15%) in grades kindergarten through 12 th grade, relative to non-binary individuals (16%). In a clinical sample of patients at an urban health center, past-12 month intimate partner violence (IPV) rates were elevated for transgender women (12.1%), transgender men (6.6%), and non-binary individuals (8.2%) relative to cisgender women (2.7%) (p<0.05).…”

“…However, minority stress frameworks also motivate hypothesized differences in the social history, healthcare utilization behaviors, and health outcomes of non-binary vs binary transgender people. [19] People generally lack basic knowledge and competency of non-binary gender identities and experiences, including family members, employers, healthcare providers, and larger societal systems. [20] Not conforming to the male-female gender binary or gender social norms may expose non-binary transgender people to gender-related stressors from multiple sources.…”

“…[31] Another study of college students accessing collegebased mental health counseling from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health's 2012-2016 database, found non-binary transgender individuals had higher rates of harassment, sexual abuse, and exposure to traumatic events than binary transgender students. [19] Understanding gender differences in experiences of victimization and violence within the transgender community is critical, as these experiences have been linked to poor mental health in transgender populations. [16,32] Research shows that transgender individuals relative to cisgender individuals experience heightened levels of depression, anxiety, substance use, suicidality, and poor mental and overall self-rated health.…”

Coping with discrimination: The insidious effects of gender minority stigma on depression and anxiety in transgender individuals

“…Some research suggests that individuals who have lower levels of educational attainment and lower levels of income may experience more discrimination (Bradford, Reisner, Honnald, & Xavier, ). In addition, recent findings show that genderqueer individuals experience greater harassment and other minority stressors compared to trans men and trans women (Lefevor, Boyd‐Rogers, Sprague, & Janis, ).…”