Health consequences of obesity

Reilly, JJ

doi:10.1136/adc.88.9.748

Cited by 1,322 publications

(1,016 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of hyperinsulinemia, 3 insulinresistance, 4 type 2 diabetes, 5,6 hypertension, 7,8 hypercholesterolemia, 3 chronic inflammation, 9 abnormalities in endothelial function, 10 hyperandrogenemia, 4 gallstones, 11 hepatitis, 12,13 asthma, cancer 14 and orthopedic problems. 10 Obesity has also been shown to diminish children's quality of life severely 14 and is associated with decreased selfesteem 15,16 and depressive symptoms. 17 Obese children are subjected to teasing, discrimination and victimization and may be socially excluded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2008

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Objective: To determine the effectiveness of school-based strategies for obesity prevention and control using methods of systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Peer-reviewed studies published between 1966 and October 2004 were considered for review. Studies meeting eligibility criteria were published in English, targeted children aged 3-18 in a school setting, reported weight-related outcomes, included a control measurement and had at least a 6-month follow-up period. Studies employed interventions related to nutrition, physical activity, reduction in television viewing or combinations thereof. Weight related data were analyzed using RevMan software. Results: Sixty-four studies were considered for inclusion. Fourteen did not meet inclusion criteria; 29 were excluded due to poor methodological quality. Twenty-one papers describing 19 studies were included in the systematic review and 8 of these were included in the meta-analysis. Nutrition and physical activity interventions resulted in significant reductions in body weight compared with control ((standardized mean difference, SMD ¼ À0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ À0.45 to À0.14), random effects model). Parental or family involvement of nutrition and physical activity interventions also induced weight reduction ((SMD ¼ À0.20, 95%CI ¼ À0.41 to 0.00), random effects model). Conclusion: Combination nutrition and physical activity interventions are effective at achieving weight reduction in school settings. Several promising strategies for addressing obesity in the school setting are suggested, and warrant replication and further testing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2008

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“…5 Cardiovascular risk factors, like dyslipidemia and high blood pressure, occur frequently in obese children. 6 Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, earlier recognized only in adults, occur among obese children and adolescents in increasing numbers. 7 In addition, overweight children are more likely to become obese adults than children of normal weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical efficacy of group-based treatment for childhood obesity compared with routinely given individual counseling

2007

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Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of group treatment stressing a health-promoting lifestyle with routine counseling in the treatment of childhood obesity. Design and subjects: Seventy obese children (weight for height 115-182%) aged 7-9 years were randomized either to routine counseling (two appointments for children) or to family-based group treatment (15 separate sessions for parents and children). These sessions included nutrition education, physical activity education and behavioral therapy. Outcome measures: Children's weights and heights were measured at baseline, after the 6-month intervention and after the 6-month follow-up. The change of weight for height based on Finnish growth charts was used as the primary, and changes in body mass index (BMI) and BMI standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) as secondary outcome measures. Results: Children attending the group treatment lost more weight for height (6.8%) than children receiving routine counseling (1.8%) (P ¼ 0.001). The difference was significant when the data were analyzed in four groups by the cut-off limits of 0, À5 and À10% for the change in weight for height. The respective decreases in BMI were 0.8 vs 0.0 (P ¼ 0.003) and in BMI-SDS 0.3 vs 0.2 (P ¼ 0.022). The results remained similar in adjusted analyses. Both group and routine programs were feasible with a high, 87-99%, participation rate in sessions and appointments and very low, 3% or less, attrition rate from the programs. Six months after the intervention, beneficial effects were partly lost, but for changes in weight for height and BMI, the differences between the two treatment programs still were significant, and for BMI-SDS, there was a trend. Conclusions: Family-based group treatment that stresses a health-promoting lifestyle and is given separately for parents and children, offers an effective mode of therapy to treat obese school-aged children.

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“…1,2 Obese children commonly suffer discrimination and teasing from their peers, [3][4][5] which may affect their psychosocial health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of life in a clinical sample of obese children

et al. 2006

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Objectives: To measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a clinical sample of obese children by child self-report and parent-proxy report; to compare quality of life assessments provided by obese children and their parents; to assess differences in quality of life between the obese clinical sample and healthy control children. Design: Pairwise comparison of obese children matched for age, gender and socio-economic status with non-obese controls. Subjects: One hundred and twenty-six obese children (body mass index (BMI) X98th centile) and 71 lean control children (BMI o85th centile). Controls were matched with 71 children from the obese clinical group (mean age 8.6, standard deviation (s.d.) 1.9 years; 33 M/38 F). Measurement: The Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (UK) version 4 was self-administered to parents and to children aged 8-12 years and interview was administered to children aged 5-7 years. This questionnaire assessed physical, social, emotional and school functioning from which total, physical and psychosocial health summary scores were derived. Results: In the obese clinical group (n ¼ 126), parent proxy-reported quality of life was low for all domains. In the obese clinical group, parent-reported scores were significantly lower than child self-reported scores in all domains except physical health and school functioning. Parent-proxy reports were significantly higher for healthy controls than obese children in all domains (median total score 85.2 vs 64.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.6, 24.1). For child self-reports, only physical health was significantly higher for healthy controls than obese children (median score 81.3 vs 75.0; 95% CI 3.1, 12.5). Conclusions: HRQoL is impaired in clinical samples of obese children compared to lean children, but the degree of impairment is likely to be greatest when assessed using the parent perspective rather than the child perspective.

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Health consequences of obesity

Cited by 1,322 publications

References 22 publications

Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis

Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical efficacy of group-based treatment for childhood obesity compared with routinely given individual counseling

Quality of life in a clinical sample of obese children

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