“…The main advantage of DEA is the ability to conduct multi-dimensional analysis that allows the use of different categories of multiple inputs and outputs simultaneously, which is important for assessing the efficiency of complex healthcare systems (Behr & Theune, 2017). Moreover, the DEA technique could be customised to analyse different parts of healthcare systems (Kujawska, 2018;Ozcan & Khushalani, 2017;Sommersguter-Reichmann, 2022;Walters et al, 2022). As a result, it permits us to compare the efficiency of one healthcare system to another, rather than measuring efficiency in absolute terms and helps to establish benchmarking by identifying best practices and areas for improvement (Behr & Theune, 2017;Kujawska, 2018;Nyawira et al, 2021;Ozcan & Khushalani, 2017;Rostamzadeh et al, 2021;Vörösmarty & Dobos, 2023).…”