“…These sectors have all made substantial changes in recent decades to more fully embrace the need to reduce fear, stress, and anxiety during health care procedures [ 37 , 40 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ]. This includes changes to improve patient agency, provide the patient with predictability where possible, provision of appropriate positive distractions during procedures, and having a familiar caregiver present in a supporting role during the procedure [ 37 , 44 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ].…”