Health Care–Associated Infection After Red Blood Cell Transfusion

Abstract

IMPORTANCE The association between red blood cell (RBC) transfusion strategies and health care–associated infection is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether RBC transfusion thresholds are associated with the risk of infection and whether risk is independent of leukocyte reduction. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Sytematic Reviews, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry, and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number register were searched through January 22, 2014. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials with restrictive vs liberal RBC transfusion strategies. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Twenty randomized trials with 8598 patients met eligibility criteria, of which 17 trials (n = 7456 patients) contained sufficient information for meta-analyses. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models were used to report pooled risk ratios. Absolute risks of infection were calculated using the profile likelihood random-effects method. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of health care–associated infection such as pneumonia, mediastinitis, wound infection, and sepsis. RESULTS The pooled risk of all serious infections was 10.6% (95% CI, 5.6%-15.9%) in the restrictive group and 12.7% (95% CI, 7.0%-18.7%) in the liberal group. The risk ratio (RR) for the association between transfusion strategies and infection (serious infections and selected infections, combined) was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82-1.04) with little heterogeneity (I2 = 6.3%; τ2 = .0041). The RR for the association between transfusion strategies and serious infection was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73-0.96; I2 = 0%, τ2 <.0001). The number needed to treat (NNT) with restrictive strategies to prevent serious infection was 48 (95% CI, 36-71). The risk of infection remained reduced with a restrictive strategy, even with leukocyte reduction (RR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99]). For trials with a restrictive hemoglobin threshold of <7.0 g/dL, the RR was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.72-1.02). With stratification by patient type, the RR for serious infection was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.97) in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.28-0.95) in patients presenting with sepsis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of infection by RBC threshold for patients with cardiac disease, the critically ill, those with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or for infants with low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among hospitalized patients, a restrictive RBC transfusion strategy compared with a liberal transfusion strategy was not associated with a reduced risk of health care–associated infection overall, although it was associated with a reduced risk of serious infection. Implementing restrictive strategies may have the potential to lower the incidence of serious health care–associated infection.

Red Blood Cell Transfusions Impact Pneumonia Rates After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

“…In a recent meta-analysis, Rohde found no statistically significant difference in risk of infection associated with a restrictive transfusion strategy [restrictive vs. liberal, RR 1.30 (CI95% 0.85, 1.97)]. 17 Nonetheless, other strategies may exist to reduce the delivery of RBC transfusions. Clinical teams may consider discharging stable inpatients to increase their preoperative hemoglobin level.…”

Transfusion strategies in hematologic and nonhematologic disease

“…However, these findings have been updated recently to include trials published after 2012 and now show that the risk of infection is significantly lower in the restrictive transfusion group (relative risk ϭ 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.95). 27 These findings are borderline significant and could change when the next large trial is published. However, what is important is that these studies show unequivocally that using a liberal transfusion strategy does not improve outcome in these clinical settings.…”

A Review on Artificial Blood: A Source We Need

“…Furthermore, using blood plasma, platelets, and frozen blood, a supply chain mechanism has been invented for the supply of blood products [21]. During the blood transfusion of hospitalized patients, the implementation of restrive method strategies has proved to have the capability to decrease the severe health-care infections [22]. Blood transfusion not only has improved the lifespan but also frequent transfusions will lead to a major clinical complication in the treatment [18].…”