Health Beliefs and Preventive Behaviors Among Adults During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: a Latent Class Analysis

Smail, Emily; Schneider, Kristin E.; DeLong, Stephanie M.; Willis, Kalai; Arrington‐Sanders, Renata; Yang, Cui; Alexander, Kamila A.; Johnson, Renee M.

doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01273-0

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Health Belief Model (HBM) additionally identifies that perceived benefits, presumed barriers, beliefs about disease threat, and self-efficacy may also be a function of vaccine motivation [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. HBM posits that high perceived susceptibility, high foreseeable gain, and the presence of cue to action induce behavior [ 18 , 21 ]. These beliefs or perceptions are considered internal motivators, where individuals intrinsically make decisions based on a self-beneficial outcome [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and External Motivations and Risk Perception toward COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents in the U.S.

Kotarba

Bier

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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The COVID-19 vaccine is widely available to adolescents in the U.S.; however, vaccine hesitancy poses a threat to full coverage. The literature shows that perceived risks and the presence or lack of motivators are determinants for vaccination decisions, yet research evidence from minors is scant. This study adopted the Protection Motivation framework to identify differences in these facilitators and compare the influence of internal and external motivators among American adolescents in COVID-19 vaccine uptake. A nationwide online survey analyzed 13–17-year-old teenagers’ COVID-19 beliefs as well as present or potential reasons for accepting the vaccine. Of the 439 participants, 21.18% were not and did not plan to get vaccinated. Another 52.39% had at least one dosage, of which over three-quarters were internally motivated (whereas those unvaccinated were more likely to be externally motivated, X2 = 4.117, p = 0.042). In unvaccinated individuals, older adolescents reported slightly more internal motivators than younger adolescents (t = −2.023, p = 0.046). Internal motivation was associated with higher risk perception (r2 = 0.06651, p = 0.001), but risk perception had a stronger relationship with vaccination status (r2 = 0.1816, p < 0.001), with vaccinated individuals showing higher risk perception than those unvaccinated (mean difference = 0.42 on a scale of 1–4; t = −3.603, p < 0.001); the risk perception difference was even greater between hesitant and non-hesitant participants (mean difference = 0.63; t = −0.892, p < 0.001). The relationship was moderated by perceived knowledge, where the difference in risk perception between vaccination status was only significant for those with low perceived knowledge (f = 10.59, p = 0.001). Increasing awareness of disease risks and stressing internal motivators may be key to improving uptake in young people. Future research could delve deeper into risk perception formation of adolescents and why and how it differs across populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and External Motivations and Risk Perception toward COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents in the U.S.

Kotarba

Bier

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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“…Furthermore, large-scale surveys mostly comprise broad age ranges (e.g., from 18 to over 65 years), failing to address the specificities which characterize the period of young adulthood (18-40 years). This period involves the exploration of options in education and work as well as changes in personal values and beliefs, social relationships, and health concerns, all of which may affect individuals’ compliance with preventive behaviors [16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the young adult population in Italy

Moscardino

Musso

Inguglia

et al. 2022

Vaccine

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“…Person-centred approaches have become more popular in the field of behavioural research as they allow for more precise estimations of individual differences in complex processes, but have not yet been used to investigate causal beliefs about mental disorders. However, LCA has proven a suitable methodological approach for similar phenomena such as help seeking profiles, attitudes, or health beliefs (Hays & Gilreath, 2017 ; Smail et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lay causal beliefs about PTSD and cultural correlates in five countries

Meyer

Kampisiou

Triliva

et al. 2022

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background To date, cultural clinical research has primarily focused on differences between ethnic groups when investigating causal beliefs about mental disorders. While individual as well as contextual factors are considered important for gaining a better understanding of cultural influences, research on causal beliefs about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cultural correlates in laypersons is scarce. Objective This study aimed at gain a better understanding of the association between causal beliefs about PTSD and cultural aspects, as well as other contextual and individual correlates of causal beliefs. Method We conducted a cross-sectional, vignette-based online survey with 737 laypersons from Mexico, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, and Russia. Participants completed the illness perception questionnaire revised (IPQ-R) and reported several cultural and sociodemographic (e.g. country of residence, gender, personal values) as well as mental health–related variables (e.g. PTSD symptoms, previous seeking of help). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify subgroups of individuals expressing similar causal beliefs for PTSD. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse covariates of class membership. Results LCA resulted in a three-class solution of casual beliefs: a traumatic event–focused class (41.1%); an intrapersonal causes class (40.1%); and a multiple causes class (18.0%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed country of residence, gender, personal value of security, PTSD symptoms, and mental health literacy as significant covariates of class membership. Conclusions Integrating a more diverse concept of culture into cultural clinical research can be a valuable addition to group comparisons based on nationality or ethnicity. Cultural clinical research needs to move towards a more integrated approach that accounts for the complexity of culture. Including additional contextual and sociodemographic factors can help to reach a more accurate understanding of the cultural influences on the development of causal beliefs and mental health.

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Health Beliefs and Preventive Behaviors Among Adults During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: a Latent Class Analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 17 publications

Internal and External Motivations and Risk Perception toward COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents in the U.S.

Internal and External Motivations and Risk Perception toward COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents in the U.S.

Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the young adult population in Italy

Lay causal beliefs about PTSD and cultural correlates in five countries

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