Health Behaviors, Nutritional Status, and Mental Health Associated with Eating Alone in Korean Adults: Based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

Background: As the number of single-person households in Korea increases, so does the importance of identifying the health-related factors of eating alone. This study aimed to investigate the health behaviors and mental health of Korean adults who eat alone. Methods: Among participants who took part in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (phase VII), 13,522 adults aged 20-79 were included. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the factors associated with health behaviors, nutritional status, and mental health in adults who eat alone. Results: Participants who eat alone were more likely to live alone, have no spouse, and have lower education and income levels. They had lower levels of total energy and micronutrient intake compared to those who eat in company with others. Systolic blood pressure was higher for males eating alone, and glycated hemoglobin levels were higher for females eating alone. Eating alone was significantly associated with a higher risk of sleep deprivation, depression, and suicidal ideation. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of depression (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.45-2.56 for males; OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.27-1.87 for females) and suicidal ideation (OR=2.22, 95% CI 1.61-3.07 for males; OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.29-2.07 for females) were higher for both males and females who eat alone. Conclusion: Korean adults who eat alone had a higher risk of nutritional imbalance, depression, and suicidal ideation. It is necessary to manage instances of people eating alone to improve healthy behaviors and mental health.