Health and unemployment: 14 years of follow-up on job loss in the Norwegian HUNT Study

Kaspersen, Silje Lill; Pape, Kristine; Vie, Gunnhild Åberge; Ose, Solveig Osborg; Krokstad, Steinar; Gunnell, David; Bjorngaard, Johan H

doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv224

Cited by 55 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…As health selection to unemployment has been found in previous studies,7–9 11 an increase in the likelihood of purchasing psychotropic drugs around the time of unemployment could be attributed to such a selection process; individuals who develop depression may be more likely to lose their job. It is also possible that people who become depressed or anxious identify their jobs as a source of distress and decide to resign at a period their mental health is deteriorating.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Unemployment and initiation of psychotropic medication: a case-crossover study of 2 348 552 Norwegian employees

et al. 2016

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Unemployment and initiation of psychotropic medication: a case-crossover study of 2 348 552 Norwegian employees

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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“…Owing to the economic context, new employment patterns and risks in young populations as well as workability in the early old age and other determinants of early exit from the labour force are an important concern,23 albeit working conditions and occupational exposures are major determinants of premature ageing 24–26. While working conditions may lead to impairments and disease, loss of work can also be deleterious for health, and many studies have investigated how unemployment influences mental and physical health and health-related behaviours,27 and how health may influence the risk of becoming unemployed 28. CONSTANCES was designed as a large random sample of the French adult population, it will also provide descriptive information on the health of the French population.…”

Section: Why the Cohort Was Set Up?mentioning

confidence: 99%

CONSTANCES: a general prospective population-based cohort for occupational and environmental epidemiology: cohort profile

et al. 2016

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Why the cohort was set up?CONSTANCES is a general-purpose cohort with a focus on occupational and environmental factors.Cohort participantsCONSTANCES was designed as a randomly selected sample of French adults aged 18–69 years at inception; 200 000 participants will be included.Data collection phasesAt enrolment, the participants are invited to complete questionnaires and to attend a health screening centre (HSC) for a health examination. A biobank will be set up. The follow-up includes an yearly self-administered questionnaire, a periodic visit to an HSC and linkage to social and national health administrative databases.Main types of data collectedData collected for participants include social and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, life events and behaviours. Regarding occupational and environmental factors, a wealth of data on organisational, chemical, biological, biomechanical and psychosocial lifelong exposure, as well as residential characteristics, are collected at enrolment and during follow-up. The health data cover a wide spectrum: self-reported health scales, reported prevalent and incident diseases, long-term chronic diseases and hospitalisations, sick-leaves, handicaps, limitations, disabilities and injuries, healthcare usage and services provided, and causes of death.Control of selection effectsTo take into account non-participation and attrition, a random cohort of non-participants was set up and will be followed through the same national databases as participants.Data accessInclusions begun at the end of 2012 and more than 110 000 participants were already included by September 2016. Several projects on occupational and environmental risks already applied to a public call for nested research projects.

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“…Previous studies including meta-analyses have found support for both mechanisms. On the one hand pre-existing mental ill health is associated with an increased risk of unemployment [2, 5–8] and a lower likelihood of re-employment [2, 9, 10]. On the other hand unemployment is followed by poorer [1–3, 6, 11, 12] and re-employment by improved mental health outcomes [1, 2, 9, 12, 13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of Antidepressant Medication before and after the Onset of Unemployment by Subsequent Employment Experience

Leinonen

Mäki²,

Martikainen

2017

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThe unemployed more often suffer from depression than the employed. We examined whether mental health deterioration occurs already before unemployment implicating health selection, or whether it mostly occurs after becoming exposed to the experience rendering causal explanations more likely.MethodsWe used nationally representative Finnish register data to examine changes in depressive morbidity as measured by antidepressant medication in 1995–2009 over four years before and since a new onset of unemployment (N = 28 000) at the age of 30–60 compared to the employed (N = 124 136). We examined separately those who became continuously long-term unemployed, intermittently unemployed and unemployed with eventual re-employment in the second, third or fourth year since the year of onset. Annual repeated measurements were analysed using generalised estimation equations.ResultsAmong the employed antidepressant medication increased slowly but steadily over the study period and it was mainly at a lower level than among the unemployed. In the four years leading to unemployment there was excess increase in medication that was generally stronger among those with longer duration of the eventual unemployment experience. During unemployment medication decreased in all groups except among the intermittently unemployed. By the first year of re-employment antidepressant medication reached a level similar to that among the employed and afterwards followed no consistent trend.ConclusionsThe associations of unemployment and re-employment with depressive morbidity appear to be largely driven by health selection. The question of potential causal associations remains unresolved for intermittent unemployment in particular.

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Health and unemployment: 14 years of follow-up on job loss in the Norwegian HUNT Study

Abstract: People with poor mental and physical health are at increased risk of job loss. This contributes to poor health amongst the unemployed and highlights the need for policy focus on the health and welfare of out of work individuals, including support preparing them for re-employment.

Cited by 55 publications

References 34 publications

Unemployment and initiation of psychotropic medication: a case-crossover study of 2 348 552 Norwegian employees

Unemployment and initiation of psychotropic medication: a case-crossover study of 2 348 552 Norwegian employees

CONSTANCES: a general prospective population-based cohort for occupational and environmental epidemiology: cohort profile

Trajectories of Antidepressant Medication before and after the Onset of Unemployment by Subsequent Employment Experience

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