Health and hygiene aspects of spray irrigation.

Sorber, Charles A.; Guter, Kurt J.

doi:10.2105/ajph.65.1.47

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Wastes that have a very low solids content, such as wastewater from flush systems, holding ponds, or lagoons, can be land applied via furrow irrigation, directly injected (e.g., drag-hose), or sprayed using a tanker or pressurized irrigation systems (e.g., spray gun, center-pivot). Application methods that launch liquid and solid manures into the air create a potentially hazardous situation as pathogens may become aerosolized and transported to downwind receptors (Sorber and Guter, 1975;Brooks et al, 2004). The aerosolized pathogens could potentially be directly inhaled or ingested after they land on fomites, water sources, or food crops.…”

Section: Land Application Of Manuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Fate and transport of bioaerosols associated with livestock operations and manures

Dungan

2010

Journal of Animal Science

105

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Airborne microorganisms and microbial by-products from intensive livestock and manure management systems are a potential health risk to workers and individuals in nearby communities. This report presents information on zoonotic pathogens in animal wastes and the generation, fate, and transport of bioaerosols associated with animal feeding operations and land applied manures. Though many bioaerosol studies have been conducted at animal production facilities, few have investigated the transport of bioaerosols during the land application of animal manures. As communities in rural areas converge with land application sites, concerns over bioaerosol exposure will certainly increase. Although most studies at animal operations and wastewater spray irrigation sites suggest a decreased risk of bioaerosol exposure with increasing distance from the source, many challenges remain in evaluating the health effects of aerosolized pathogens and allergens in outdoor environments. To improve our ability to understand the off-site transport and diffusion of human and livestock diseases, various dispersion models have been utilized. Most studies investigating the transport of bioaerosols during land application events have used a modified Gaussian plume model. Because of the disparity among collection and analytical techniques utilized in outdoor studies, it is often difficult to evaluate health effects associated with aerosolized pathogens and allergens. Invaluable improvements in assessing the health effects from intensive livestock practices could be made if standardized bioaerosol collection and analytical techniques, as well as the use of specific target microorganisms, were adopted.

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Section: Land Application Of Manuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Fate and transport of bioaerosols associated with livestock operations and manures

Dungan

2010

Journal of Animal Science

105

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“…Rapid urbanization of many cities along the United StatesMexico border has led to the growth of populations near agricultural land and may exacerbate the risk. In addition to respiratory tract infections, it has been suggested that aerosolized enteric microorganisms common in wastewater may produce intestinal tract infections when particles are deposited in the upper nasal pharynx and later swallowed (28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Source Bioaerosol Concentration and rRNA Gene-Based Identification of Microorganisms Aerosolized at a Flood Irrigation Wastewater Reuse Site

Paez-Rubio

Viau

Romero-Hernández

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Reuse of partially treated domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a growing practice in arid regions throughout the world. A field sampling campaign to determine bioaerosol concentration, culturability, and identity at various wind speeds was conducted at a flooded wastewater irrigation site in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. Direct fluorescent microscopy measurements for total microorganisms, culture-based assays for heterotrophs and gram-negative enteric bacteria, and small-subunit rRNA gene-based cloning were used for microbial characterizations of aerosols and effluent wastewater samples. Bioaerosol results were divided into two wind speed regimens: (i) below 1.9 m/s, average speed 0.5 m/s, and (ii) above 1.9 m/s, average speed 4.5 m/s. Average air-borne concentration of total microorganisms, culturable heterotrophs, and gramnegative enteric bacteria were, respectively, 1.1, 4.2, and 6.2 orders of magnitude greater during the highwind-speed regimen. Small-subunit rRNA gene clone libraries processed from samples from air and the irrigation effluent wastewater during a high-wind sampling event indicate that the majority of air clone sequences were more than 98% similar to clone sequences retrieved from the effluent wastewater sample. Overall results indicate that wind is a potential aerosolization mechanism of viable wastewater microorganisms at flood irrigation sites.

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“…Thus, if gastrointestinal patho gens are present, infection could result. A considerably greater potential for infection occurs when respiratory pathogens are inhaled in aerosols smaller than 2 µm in size, which pass directly to the alveoli of the lungs (Sorber and Guter, 1975).…”

Section: Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 99%