Health and Environmental Impacts of Nox: An Ultra- Low Level of Nox (Oxides of Nitrogen) Achievable with A New Technology

Abstract

The damages to human health and environment result because of various compounds and derivatives in the family of nitrogen oxides, including nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrous oxide, nitrates, and nitric oxide. Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere contribute to photochemical smog, to the formation of acid rain precursors, to the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere and to global warming. On the contrary, an increase in Ozone (O 3 ) concentration related to NO x emissions has been observed analyzing chemical and transport processes in the troposphere. Ozone can be transported by wind currents and can cause health impacts far from original sources. Ground-level Ozone (Smog) is formed when NO x and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Children, people with lung diseases such as asthma, and people who work or exercise outside, are susceptible to adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function. Other impacts from ozone include damaged vegetation and reduced crop yields. These O 3 concentration changes, combined with geographically specific demographic data have been used to estimate the increase in mortality and respiratory illness that results from that increase in O 3 . Over the past 150 years, global emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have been increasing steadily. A significant amount of the nitrogen oxide emissions is attributed to combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. This paper reviews existing and some emerging technologies for reduction of NO x emissions from combustion sources and examines the prospects of these technologies for meeting stricter emissions regulations. Both combustion modification and post-combustion methods for NO x reduction are considered. The important role of research on the chemistry of nitrogen oxides in combustion gases in development and optimization of emissions control techniques is described..

Air pollution and neurological diseases, current state highlights

“…During combustion, particularly at high temperatures, the interaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air produces nitrogen oxides (NOx), which include nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). These gases can worsen asthma, cause respiratory issues, and produce particulate matter and ozone at ground level ( Bernabeo et al, 2019 ).…”

An Investigation into the Viability of Battery Technologies for Electric Buses in the UK

“…Fossil-fuel-powered buses, especially in urban environments, are major sources of NO x emissions. They are known for their association with respiratory disorders and other health complications [5], particularly affecting vulnerable demographics like children. As urban populations surge [6], the demand for public transport escalates, particularly considering the declining convenience of privately owned vehicles in urban settings [7].…”

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“…Meta-analyses studies suggest that PM exposure can exacerbate COPD conditions [14,15,16]; some other studies showed that PM and other air pollutants increased the risk of severe acute exacerbations [17,18]. Air pollutants can also worsen symptoms, lung function, and quality of life (QOL) in COPD and asthma patients [2,19,20].…”