Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Powerful Analytical Tool for the Discrimination of Truffle Species According to Their Volatiles

Abstract

This study provides the first assessment of the volatile metabolome map of Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii originating from Greece using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the extraction of the volatile fraction, the SPME protocol was optimized after examining the effects of sample mass, extraction temperature, and extraction time using the one-variable at-a-time approach (OVAT). The optimum parameters involved the extraction of 100 mg of homogenized truffle for 45 min at 50°C. Overall, 19 truffle samples were analyzed, and the acquired data were normalized and further processed with chemometrics. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HCA) was used to identify the groups of the two species. Partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to develop a chemometric model that could discriminate the truffles according to the species and reveal characteristic volatile markers for Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii grown in Greece.

Characterization of volatile organic compounds with anti-atherosclerosis effects in Allium macrostemon Bge. and Allium chinense G. Don by head space solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

“…Several VOCs including alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes and esters were also detected in garlic oil or other Allium plants ( 53 , 54 ). These esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones probably contributed to the aromas of AMB and ACGD oils ( 29 ). This was because the precursors of many esters were fatty acids and amino acids, while aldehydes were derived from fatty acid oxidation or amino acid metabolism ( 55 ).…”

“…Identification and quantification of VOCs were achieved based on retention time behaviors, mass spectra and linear retention index of volatile compounds in the NIST20 database and MWGC data library (Wuhan Metware Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China). The match factors were calculated and obtained after the mass spectrum fingerprint of VOCs was matched with the reference fingerprint by mirror comparison ( 28 , 29 ). The match factor over 70.0 suggested more accurate identification of VOCs in volatile oils, while the characterization of VOCs was for reference when the match factor was less than 70.0.…”

Volatilomics as a tool to ascertain food adulteration, authenticity, and origin

“…HS–SPME/GC–MS was used to discriminate between Greek Tuber aestivum and Tuber borchii truffle samples, coupled with chemometric analysis such as HCA and PLS‐DA. Nineteen samples were able to be categorized due to their species (Kalogiouri et al., 2022). The volatilomic profile of seven propolis samples collected in the Northeast of Pará, located in the Eastern Amazon region, was examined, with sesquiterpene compounds being the major volatiles for their characterization.…”