Heading biomechanics in female football: A systematic scoping review

Abstract

Heading is a key skill in soccer. Research on heading focused mostly on males and young players, but it has been rarely investigated in female soccer players. Play scenario, training level, anthropometrics, frequency and intensity of headings, and long-term outcomes, such as vigilance and neuro-cognitive condition, are of interest for injury prevention. This systematic review aims to survey available knowledge about heading biomechanics in female football players to identify possible weakness and issues for future research directions in the field. A structured literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Sport Discus. The selection criteria included the following: (i) studies that focused on head impact only in females in soccer; and (ii) studies that included mechanics of the heading in females and outcomes (acute or long terms). Research on heading in female soccer players is sparse, and drawing firm conclusion on the investigated aspects (effect of play position, occurence, cognitive impairment, influence of muscle strength, and player’s level) is difficult. Mild-intensity heading is not dangerous, helmet does not help, play state and player position influence heading, and high rotational velocities are achieved. Response to a long kick is more risky, and strenghtening of neck muscles helps prevent injuries. This work identifies new direction for research and a basis on ameliorating heading training and skills and developing an effective and safe heading technique. Initiatives to improve safety in women’s soccer and prevent injuries from heading are necessary to reduce the gap in the knowledge between men and women players.