Head Kinematics and Injury Metrics for Laboratory Hockey-Relevant Head Impact Experiments

Levy, Yanir; Bian, Kewei; Patterson, Luke; Ouckama, Ryan; Mao, Haojie

doi:10.1007/s10439-021-02855-3

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The role of head impact magnitude was explored through kinematic and strain metrics, in which MPS used linear and rotational acceleration data to estimate degrees of brain tissue deformation. Greater brain strains (MPS) often depend on an impact location (eg, lateral hit), high rotational head acceleration, 33 , 34 and level of play (eg, college greater than varsity greater than junior varsity). 35 , 36 A study using diffusion tensor imaging in youth football players found that changes in diffusion tensor imaging metrics (eg, fractional anisotropy) at postseason compared with preseason baseline were better explained by strain-based metrics, such as tensile, compressive, and shear strain, than by kinematic-based metrics like PLA and PRA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Associations of Clinical and Biochemical Head Injury Biomarkers With Head Impact Exposure in Adolescent Football Players

et al. 2023

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ImportanceConsequences of subconcussive head impacts have been recognized, yet most studies to date have included small samples from a single site, used a unimodal approach, and lacked repeated testing.ObjectiveTo examine time-course changes in clinical (near point of convergence [NPC]) and brain-injury blood biomarkers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 [UCH-L1], and neurofilament light [NF-L]) in adolescent football players and to test whether changes in the outcomes were associated with playing position, impact kinematics, and/or brain tissue strain.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multisite, prospective cohort study included male high school football players aged 13 to 18 years at 4 high schools in the Midwest during the 2021 high school football season (preseason [July] and August 2 to November 19).ExposureA single football season.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were NPC (a clinical oculomotor test) and serum levels of GFAP, UCH-L1, and NF-L. Participants’ head impact exposure (frequency and peak linear and rotational accelerations) was tracked using instrumented mouthguards, and maximum principal strain was computed to reflect brain tissue strain. Players’ neurological function was assessed at 5 time points (preseason, post–training camp, 2 in season, and postseason).ResultsNinety-nine male players contributed to the time-course analysis (mean [SD] age, 15.8 [1.1] years), but data from 6 players (6.1%) were excluded from the association analysis due to issues related to mouthguards. Thus, 93 players yielded 9498 head impacts in a season (mean [SD], 102 [113] impacts per player). There were time-course elevations in NPC and GFAP, UCH-L1, and NF-L levels. Compared with baseline, the NPC exhibited a significant elevation over time and peaked at postseason (2.21 cm; 95% CI, 1.80-2.63 cm; P &lt; .001). Levels of GFAP and UCH-L1 increased by 25.6 pg/mL (95% CI, 17.6-33.6 pg/mL; P &lt; .001) and 188.5 pg/mL (95% CI, 145.6-231.4 pg/mL; P &lt; .001), respectively, later in the season. Levels of NF-L were elevated after the training camp (0.78 pg/mL; 95% CI, 0.14-1.41 pg/mL; P = .011) and midseason (0.55 pg/mL; 95% CI, 0.13-0.99 pg/mL; P = .006) but normalized by the end of the season. Changes in UCH-L1 levels were associated with maximum principal strain later in the season (0.052 pg/mL; 95% CI, 0.015-0.088 pg/mL; P = .007) and postseason (0.069 pg/mL; 95% CI, 0.031-0.106 pg/mL; P &lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceThe study data suggest that adolescent football players exhibited impairments in oculomotor function and elevations in blood biomarker levels associated with astrocyte activation and neuronal injury throughout a season. Several years of follow-up are needed to examine the long-term effects of subconcussive head impacts in adolescent football players.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Associations of Clinical and Biochemical Head Injury Biomarkers With Head Impact Exposure in Adolescent Football Players

et al. 2023

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“…Thus could detail the effect of helmet use on simulated regional, and whole, brain strain. 2 , 36 Recent advancements in machine learning models of brain strain have also allowed near instantaneous estimation of simulated brain strain without the need for a detailed FE model of the head. 18 , 60 While these were not used in the present study, we aim to incorporate these into our future studies as indicative and comparative tools.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drop Test Kinematics Using Varied Impact Surfaces and Head/Neck Configurations for Rugby Headgear Testing

et al. 2022

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World Rugby employs a specific drop test method to evaluate headgear performance, but almost all researchers use a different variation of this method. The aim of this study was, therefore, to quantify the differences between variations of the drop testing method using a Hybrid III headform and neck in the following impact setups: (1) headform only, with a flat steel impact surface, approximating the World Rugby method, (2 and 3) headform with and without a neck, respectively, onto a flat MEP pad impact surface, and (4) headform and neck, dropped onto an angled MEP pad impact surface. Each variation was subject to drop heights of 75–600 mm across three orientations (forehead, side, and rear boss). Comparisons were limited to the linear and rotational acceleration and rotational velocity for simplicity. Substantial differences in kinematic profile shape manifested between all drop test variations. Peak accelerations varied highly between variations, but the peak rotational velocities did not. Drop test variation also significantly changed the ratios of the peak kinematics to each other. This information can be compared to kinematic data from field head impacts and could inform more realistic impact testing methods for assessing headgear.

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“…The use of injury metrics to assess the likelihood of injury has been a growing trend over the past few decades [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. In fact, a large number of injury metrics has been proposed: for diffuse axonal damage [ 37 , 38 ], for concussion [ 39 ], for rib breakage and thorax deformation [ 40 , 41 ], and even for whiplash or vertebral fracture [ 42 ]. However, the mechanical failure of CBVs has been comparatively less studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Metrics for Assessing the Risk of Acute Subdural Hematoma in Traumatic Events

García-Vilana

Sánchez-Molina

Velázquez-Ameijide

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Worldwide, the ocurrence of acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) in road traffic crashes is a major public health problem. ASDHs are usually produced by loss of structural integrity of one of the cerebral bridging veins (CBVs) linking the parasagittal sinus to the brain. Therefore, to assess the risk of ASDH it is important to know the mechanical conditions to which the CBVs are subjected during a potentially traumatic event (such as a traffic accident or a fall from height). Recently, new studies on CBVs have been published allowing much more accurate prediction of the likelihood of mechanical failure of CBVs. These new data can be used to propose new damage metrics, which make more accurate predictions about the probability of occurrence of ASDH in road crashes. This would allow a better assessement of the effects of passive safety countermeasures and, consequently, to improve vehicle restraint systems. Currently, some widely used damage metrics are based on partially obsolete data and measurements of the mechanical behavior of CBVs that have not been confirmed by subsequent studies. This paper proposes a revision of some existing metrics and constructs a new metric based on more accurate recent data on the mechanical failure of human CBVs.

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Head Kinematics and Injury Metrics for Laboratory Hockey-Relevant Head Impact Experiments

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Longitudinal Associations of Clinical and Biochemical Head Injury Biomarkers With Head Impact Exposure in Adolescent Football Players

Longitudinal Associations of Clinical and Biochemical Head Injury Biomarkers With Head Impact Exposure in Adolescent Football Players

Drop Test Kinematics Using Varied Impact Surfaces and Head/Neck Configurations for Rugby Headgear Testing

Injury Metrics for Assessing the Risk of Acute Subdural Hematoma in Traumatic Events

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