Head and Spinal Injuries in Equestrian Sports: Update on Epidemiology, Clinical Outcomes, and Injury Prevention

Gates, Jennifer; Lin, Cindy Y.

doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000674

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four previous literature reviews on horse trauma were sourced [8][9][10][11]. The focus of Zuckerman et al [10] was specifically on traumatic brain injury and Gates and Lin [11] on head and spinal injuries. Havlik [9] and Meredith et al [8] took a broader review of injuries with Havlik [9] reviewing literature from 2007 to 2009 and Meredith et al [8] reviewing literature from 1973 to 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of horse trauma: a literature review

Neville,

Hicks,

Neville

2024

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg

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Purpose Horses are used for many recreational and occupational activities. They are large, strong, temperamental, and unpredictable animals and people involved with them are at risk for injuries, from minor abrasions to severe injuries that may lead to death. This review reports on horse trauma in relation to the characteristics of injured equestrians, characteristics of horse trauma, and clinical outcomes. Methods A literature search was conducted from health-related electronic databases to identify studies from 2018 to 2023. The search returned 115 relevant full-text articles but after screening and assessment for eligibility, 39 were included in this review for a detailed examination of horse trauma epidemiology. Most studies were undertaken in the USA and the most used method was a retrospective review of hospital or trauma registry data. Results There have only been very slight changes in horse trauma numbers and outcomes over the past 5 years. Most injuries often follow falls and kicks. Females in their late-20 s to mid-30 s who are recreational equestrians are the group most represented in the data. The commonest injuries include fractures, and head, thoracic, and abdominal trauma. Most individuals with horse trauma were treated in the Emergency Department and discharged. For the equestrians who were admitted to hospital, around one-third required surgery. Mortality rates are very low. Conclusion The popularity of occupational and recreational horse activities does not seem to wane and horse trauma continues to represent a significant concern for the health system. Health care workers need to be cognizant of the scope of trauma presentations as the mechanisms of injury can be complicated putting the equestrian at a high risk of associated injuries that may be life-threatening.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of horse trauma: a literature review

Neville,

Hicks,

Neville

2024

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg

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“…[ 3 - 5 ] Children are particularly at risk of head injuries due to a greater head-to-body size ratio and are more likely to suffer from focal neurological deficits, epidural hematoma, and amnesia. [ 6 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditional helmet design will not mitigate these forces and may not protect against intracranial injury. [ 6 , 9 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective study of helmet use and head injury in severe equestrian trauma

Carter

Richardson

2022

JNRP

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Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine helmet use, incidence of injury, and patient outcomes in a rural cohort of equestrian accidents. Material and Methods: EHR records of patients admitted to a Level II ACS trauma center in the North-west United States were reviewed for helmet use. Injuries were categorized according to International Classification of Diseases-9/10 code. Results: Of 53 identified cases, helmets only reduced superficial injury (χ2 (1) = 4.837, P = 0.028). Intracranial injury rates were not different between those with and without helmets (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In equine related injury, helmets protect against superficial injury but not intracranial injury in Western riders. More investigation is needed to assess why this is the case and determine ways to decrease intracranial injury.

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“…Very little sport-related injury and prevention research exists on equestrian (participants in horseback riding) activities. Although there have been literature reviews on equestrian sports from 1992 up to 2020, [1][2][3][4][5][6] there are very little original research data. A study from 1995 to 2005 on equestrian trauma victims in emergency departments (EDs) differentiated injury by body location (chest, head, abdomen, and extremities); however, this did not evaluate nontrauma victims or equestrian athlete injuries that were not transferred to the hospital.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Injuries in Competitive Equestrian Events

Haines

Jensen

Karim

et al. 2021

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

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Objective:Current equestrian sport-related acute injury research is sparse. The goal of this study is to explore equestrian injury types stratified by population and equestrian discipline.Design:Injury reports from the US Equestrian Federation (USEF) were compiled from 2015 through 2019, and the prevalence of different injury types within the main equestrian disciplines was calculated.Setting:Retrospective cohort study from USEF accident report data.Participants:Athletes competing at USEF sanctioned equestrian events.Independent Variables:Equestrian participant's age group, sex, and equestrian event type are the independent variables.Main Outcome Measures:Frequency of types of injuries in equestrian events stratified by equestrian discipline, age (junior vs senior), and sex.Results:Three thousand four hundred thirty equestrian athletes injured from 441 816 total athlete exposures during 2015 to 2019 were analyzed showing an injury rate between 0.06% and 1.18% for each discipline with an overall injury rate of 780 per 100 000 athlete exposures. Hunter–jumper and 3-day eventing had the highest injury rates. Head injuries and bone injuries were the most common types. No clinically significant differences in injury rates were observed between males and females or junior and senior equestrian athletes.Conclusions:Equestrian sports have an overall injury rate of 780 per 100 000 athlete exposures in the certified competition setting. Hunter–jumper and 3-day eventing have an increased injury rate compared with nonjumping disciplines. These data should help equestrian event clinicians to anticipate the types of injuries and help outpatient clinicians make preparticipation medical eligibility and assist in counseling for equestrian sports.

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Head and Spinal Injuries in Equestrian Sports: Update on Epidemiology, Clinical Outcomes, and Injury Prevention

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Epidemiology of horse trauma: a literature review

Epidemiology of horse trauma: a literature review

A retrospective study of helmet use and head injury in severe equestrian trauma

Analysis of Injuries in Competitive Equestrian Events

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