Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women

Vasavada, Anita N.; Danaraj, Jonathan; Siegmund, Gunter P.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.07.007

Cited by 174 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Enrolled participants were mostly of a younger population (range, 17-58 years of age), with the majority being between 20 and 30 years of age. Head and neck dimensions were measured or computed based on accepted methods 107 and found to be significantly different between males and females (TABLE). To confirm that statistically significant differences were anthropometrically relevant, measurement differences were compared to the allowable error established for the study.…”

Section: Seating Geometry and Injury Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

Stemper¹,

Corner²

2016

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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FIGURE 1.Initial phases of head-neck response to automotive rear impacts. The rear impact initiates with the occupant in a neutral upright position. As the thorax is accelerated anteriorly, the head remains stationary during the retraction phase, producing an S-shaped cervical spine curvature. Eventually, loads from the thorax are transferred up the cervical spine and the head-neck complex transitions into extension, with the cervical spine in an overall C-shaped extension curvature. The head eventually rebounds forward (not shown), and the cervical spine then transitions into flexion. Used with permission from Stemper et al. 93 Copyright ©2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. foam/springs and rearward deflection, which absorb energy and decrease impact severity for the occupant. The magnitude of seatback deformation and deflection is dependent on the occupant's torso mass and center of gravity. Greater mass and higher center of gravity contribute to greater deflection and decreased overall impact severity. Average female body mass is 20% lighter and torso height is 8% shorter. 30,31 Therefore, the ability to deflect the seatback is decreased in females, who would experience more severe loading on the head-neck complex during a given rear impact.This section highlighted the role of body size on cervical spine injury risk during automotive rear impacts, advancing the theory that size-based mismatches between the vehicle seat and occupant anthropometrics contribute to greater injury risk for smaller occupants. This concept would hold true for either males or females, but may help explain the preponderance of whiplash injuries in females due to their generally smaller body size. Shorter sitting height can result in head interaction with the bottom of the head restraint, which increases injury risk. However, taller occupants with incorrectly adjusted head restraints also experience increased injury risk due to the head rotating over the head restraint and increasing extension moments on the cervical spine. Decreased body mass and shorter center-of-torso mass in smaller occupants also contribute to decreased dynamic energy absorption of the seatback. While these differences illustrate mechanisms of increased injury risk for smaller occupants, other morphological differences may also contribute. Differences in Head and Neck MorphologyGiven that a majority of injuries resulting from automotive rear impacts affect the cervical spine, 9 differences in headneck morphology can influence injury risk. Once again, sex-based differences will be used to demonstrate this concept. Neck slenderness, a mechanical term body sizes farther from those standards may not be protected as well.Research studies report that head-tohead restraint backset is lower in females than in males due to rearward incline of automotive seats and decreased sitting height for average females compared to males.12 Sitting height for average females is approximately 6 cm shorter than that for average males. 30,31 This means that the posterior aspect of the head for the comp...

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Section: Seating Geometry and Injury Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

Stemper¹,

Corner²

2016

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…Whilst we should not be surprised by strength increases as a result of training the neck musculature, the magnitude of increase suggests a prior detrained condition, and supports the simple protocol demonstrated herein. Previous publications have reported lower values for female's neck strength, compared to males 13 , and that this muscular weakness has likely resulted in higher head acceleration values in female soccer players 11,12 . The data presented herein shows pre-intervention neck strength in females to be significantly lower (p < 0.001 for all exercises tested) compared to males, supporting previous research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…11,12 In addition, data suggests a far greater prevalence of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) in females which, it has been hypothesised, is linked to the weaker neck strength compared to males (32% weaker in flexion, and 20% weaker in extension; p < 0.001). 13 Fundamentally it appears that as strength in the head and neck muscles increase, kinetic energy from concussive and sub-concussive forces can be better dissipated. Though no data currently exists to show unequivocally that prospective strengthening of the neck musculature reduces concussion we should consider that, since there are no known risks to strengthening the neck musculature, this is a training intervention that is essential for all athletes.…”

Section: Neck Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though no data currently exists to show unequivocally that prospective strengthening of the neck musculature reduces concussion we should consider that, since there are no known risks to strengthening the neck musculature, this is a training intervention that is essential for all athletes. In fact since the benefits likely extend to include reduced risk of whiplash injuries in automobile accidents 13 and improved posture 14 ; neck strengthening activities appear vital for all persons irrespective of their sporting/exercise habits.…”

Section: Neck Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A neck strengthening protocol in adolescent males and females for athletic injury prevention

Fisher¹,

Asanovich²,

Cornwell³

et al. 2016

Journal of Trainology

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Objectives: Sport plays a major role in the physical activity, wellbeing and socialisation of children and adults. However, a growing prevalence of concussions in sports persists, furthermore, that subconcussive forces are responsible for neurodegenerative conditions. Current approaches towards concussion prevention are dependent upon coaching strategies and enforcement by referees, or only attempt to reduce further injury, not prevent initial injury occurring. A growing body of research has shown that strengthening the muscles of the neck might serve to reduce head acceleration, change in velocity and dissipate kinetic energy from concussive and subconcussive forces.Design: Following ethical approval and parental consent a single arm, pilot study recruited 13 male and 13 female high school students to undertake 8 weeks of neck strengthening exercises 2 d.wk -1 . Method:A low-volume, time-efficient approach considered progressive strength training for neck extension, flexion, and rightand left-lateral flexion exercises for a single set to muscular failure.Results: Strength outcome data was analysed using paired samples t-tests comparing predicted 1-repetition maximum for week 1 and week 8 revealing significant strength improvements for both males and females for all exercises; p < 0.001. Effect sizes were very large (2.3-4.3) for all exercises for both males and females. Conclusions:Participants showed very large increases in neck strength suggesting previous detrained condition and the potential to significantly improve strength using a simple, low volume, resistance training protocol. Athletic training should prioritise health of participants and longevity of career and as such the authors present a neck strengthening protocol with a view to reducing injury risks.(Journal of Trainology 2016;5:13-17)

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“…To ensure that the designed product for the head and face region serves its purpose of protection, a close fit with a good level of comfort is necessary. In order to achieve that, designers require anthropometric data which is usually acquired by traditional measurement techniques like using scale, tapes or callipers (Quant and Woo, 1993;Farkas, 1994;Yokota, 2005;Vasavada et al, 2008). However, traditional techniques are not very reliable and can include human error (Fourie et al, 2011;Shah et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B2-1　Effect of the accuracy of 3D head scanners in product design development

Luximon

Shah

2017

The Japanese journal of ergonomics

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Human head needs to be protected from any risk as multiple sensory organs are located there. Hence it is very important to design products with a high level of comfort and fit in order for the product to perform its function. With the advancement of 3D scanning facilities, it is possible to acquire highly accurate and precise surface contour which can be used for designing customized products. With the availability of wide range of 3D scanners, it is necessary to evaluate the user experience of products developed from different scanners based on their accuracy and precision in scanning. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of accuracy of three 3D scanners in product designing and evaluating user's comfort and fit parameters for the developed products. Participants were scanned using three different 3D scanners (Artec Eva 3D scanner, Cyberware 3030 color scanner and Structure sensor scanner). A mask frame was developed from every scan and then 3D printed for evaluation. The individuals were made to evaluate the designed mask frame to understand their comfort and fit experience. Based on the responses from the participants it was found that the mask frame developed from the scan acquired from Artec Eva 3D scanner was found to be the most comfortable one and had the best fit. The scans acquired from Cyberware 3030 color scanner had missing data and was reported slightly dissatisfaction on fit. The scans from the Structure sensor lacked precision and fine details, and the frame got the lowest rating at comfort level.

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Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women

Cited by 174 publications

References 24 publications

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

A neck strengthening protocol in adolescent males and females for athletic injury prevention

B2-1　Effect of the accuracy of 3D head scanners in product design development

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Head and neck anthropometry, vertebral geometry and neck strength in height-matched men and women

Cited by 174 publications

References 24 publications

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology

A neck strengthening protocol in adolescent males and females for athletic injury prevention

B2-1 Effect of the accuracy of 3D head scanners in product design development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

B2-1　Effect of the accuracy of 3D head scanners in product design development