HDR CMOS Image Sensors for Automotive Applications

Takayanagi, Isao; Kuroda, Rihito

doi:10.1109/ted.2022.3164370

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…While a multitude of approaches are available for the creation of HDR images and videos, one notable method involves the deployment of specialized HDR capture hardware [26,27]. These devices equipped with HDR-capable sensors hold the potential to yield exceptional HDR content in future.…”

Section: A Hdr Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Multi-Exposure File Format for Backward and Forward Compatible HDR Imaging

Sekmen,

Akyüz

2024

IEEE Access

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High dynamic range (HDR) imaging techniques offer photographers the ability to capture the full range of luminance in real-world scenes, overcoming the limitations of capture and display devices. One popular method for creating HDR images is the multiple exposures technique, which involves capturing multiple exposures with regular digital cameras and combining them later to generate an HDR image. In this work, we propose a method called Residual Compressed Exposure Sequences (ResCES) that aims to consolidate all the information from a bracketed sequence into a single JPEG file. Typically, the main image that is to be displayed by a standard image viewer is selected as the middle exposure of the sequence, although any other user-preferred exposure can be selected as well. When needed, the original exposures can be reconstructed from this single JPEG file, enabling their use in a standard HDR workflow. Our proposed approach utilizes a patch-based process, where we store under-exposed, over-exposed, and motion-detected patches while reconstructing other patches through the camera response function to minimize data loss. To further improve the fidelity of the reconstructed exposures, we employ a residual learning model in the last stage of our pipeline, effectively eliminating any artifacts that may occur in its earlier stages. The key innovation of ResCES is its ability to encapsulate the complete set of original exposures within a single JPEG file in an efficient manner, allowing for on-demand reconstruction -a feature that distinguishes it from existing HDR file formats in the literature. The experimental results demonstrate that ResCES achieves a high degree of similarity with respect to the original exposures, as shown by both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. The subjective visual evaluation conducted using 40 participants indicates that ResCES reconstruction results are statistically indistinguishable from the original exposures, while, on average, yielding a 4.5 times storage reduction. This, coupled with the ease of file maintenance, simplifies storing, sharing, and viewing of HDR images.

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Section: A Hdr Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Multi-Exposure File Format for Backward and Forward Compatible HDR Imaging

Sekmen,

Akyüz

2024

IEEE Access

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“…Image sensors, such as those used in photography, surveillance, and autonomous driving, are widely used in modern society. [1][2][3][4] An important indicator of sensor imaging quality is the resolution. 5) To obtain higher resolution, the image sensor is developed directed toward shrinking the pixel size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A compact model for the well-depleted 1-T pixel sensor based on silicon-on-insulator technology

Zhou

Huang

et al. 2023

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) based one transistor (1-T) pixel sensor is a promising candidate for high resolution image sensor and in-sensor computing. In this work, a compact model for the photoresponse of the well-depleted SOI 1-T pixel sensor is proposed from the perspective of physical process. The model successively explains the photoelectron accumulation, the photoelectron redistribution and the modulation on the transistor according to the electron drifting/diffusing mechanism, the capacitor-voltage (C-V) relationship and the current solution from BSIM-IMG. The model agrees well with the experimental results from the 1-T pixel sensor fabricated by the 22nm fully-depleted SOI (FDSOI) technology, as well as the simulation results from TCAD. The extraction scheme of model parameter is also provided to facilitate the model use.

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“…In the development of Internet of Things (IoT), complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are expected to be used under extreme-illumination conditions, e.g., outdoors, in which a high-dynamic-range (HDR) CMOS image sensor is required to prevent objects from becoming overexposed or underexposed. For instance, the intra-scene dynamic range required to cover both an LED sign and a person on a sidewalk in a night scene at a local town is over 86 dB [1]. The intra-scene dynamic range is defined as the ratio between electron-referred noise floor and maximum signal electrons within a single image [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intra-scene dynamic range is defined as the ratio between electron-referred noise floor and maximum signal electrons within a single image [2]. Furthermore, an intra-scene dynamic range of greater than 100 dB is required for driver-assistance systems in automotive vehicles [1,3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Area-Efficient up/down Double-Sampling Circuit for a LOFIC CMOS Image Sensor

Otani

Ogawa

Miyauchi³

et al. 2023

Sensors

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A lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor can realize high-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging with combination of a low-conversion-gain (LCG) signal for large maximum signal electrons and a high-conversion-gain (HCG) signal for electron-referred noise floor. However, LOFIC-CMOS image sensor requires a two-channel read-out chain for LCG and HCG signals whose polarities are inverted. In order to provide an area-efficient LOFIC-CMOS image sensor, a one-channel read-out chain that can process both HCG and LCG signals is presented in this paper. An up/down double-sampling circuit composed of an inverting amplifier for HCG signals and a non-inverting attenuator for LCG signals can reduce the area of the read-out chain by half compared to the conventional two-channel read-out chain. A test chip is fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process with a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitor, achieving a readout noise of 130 μVrms for the HCG signal and 1.19 V for the LCG input window. The performance is equivalent to 103 dB of the dynamic range with our previous LOFIC pixel in which HCG and LCG conversion gains are, respectively, 160 μV/e− and 10 μV/e−.

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HDR CMOS Image Sensors for Automotive Applications

Cited by 19 publications

References 73 publications

A Compact Multi-Exposure File Format for Backward and Forward Compatible HDR Imaging

A Compact Multi-Exposure File Format for Backward and Forward Compatible HDR Imaging

A compact model for the well-depleted 1-T pixel sensor based on silicon-on-insulator technology

An Area-Efficient up/down Double-Sampling Circuit for a LOFIC CMOS Image Sensor

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