HDL Particle Size and Functionality Comparison between Patients with and without Confirmed Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the most common cause of death worldwide, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is noteworthy due to its great magnitude. Objectives. This study was carried out to evaluate the structure (molecular and particle size) and functionality of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) shortly after AMI, in the presence of acute inflammatory response. Casuistic and Methods. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between January 2015 and August 2016, with a total convenient sample of 85 patients. The patients’ data were segregated according to the Registry of Acute Myocardial Infarction (REAMI), with 45 confirmed AMI patients. The study groups consisted of patients from both sexes, older than 35 years, presented to the Hospital São Rafael (HSR) initially with AMI clinical symptoms. In addition, 40 nonischemic control patients (CPs), without AMI symptomatology, and according to previous inclusion criteria, were selected for convenience in an outpatient care unit. The HDL particle size was measured by laser light scattering (LLS), after separation of HDL from apoB-rich lipoproteins. The paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity was determined in a spectrophotometer by using paraoxon as a substrate. The other laboratory marker information, secondary data, was obtained in the laboratory system. Results. The HDL particle size, free cholesterol, and hs-CRP analysis showed significant differences when compared between REAMI and CP groups (p<0.0001, p=0.007, and p<0.0001; two-tailed unpaired t-test, respectively). Regarding paraoxonase, the data comparison between REAMI and CP groups was also significantly different (p<0.0067; two-tailed unpaired t-test). Conclusion. Despite an important current database on the HDL cholesterol role, our study provides relevant complementary information about the HDL particle susceptibility to the inflammation following AMI. The HDL particles’ quantitative and functional attributes should be measured as markers of HDL functionality.

Non-HDL-C is associated with the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in Chinese populations with diabetes

“…Several studies have shown that an inverse relationship between the antiatherosclerotic effects of HDL and the incidence of cardiovascular events, particularly concerning reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is increasingly being established. In addition to this protective effect, HDL is also associated with other important functions, such as antioxidant protection, regulation of cholesterol e ux, inhibition of cell adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte activation, and induction of nitric oxide production [27] . Therefore, low HDL concentrations in patients with diabetes are considered to be one of the major causes of increased cardiovascular risk.…”

Changing Perspectives on HDL: From Simple Quantity Measurements to Functional Quality Assessment

“…Mean HDL size shows an inverse association with CVD risk [ 115 , 116 ]. HDL particle size has also been demonstrated to impact HDL functions like CEC and paraoxonase activity [ 117 ].…”

HDL biodistribution and brain receptors in zebrafish, using HDLs as vectors for targeting endothelial cells and neural progenitors

“…High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are complex particles composed of cholesterol (free and esterified), phospholipids, sphingolipids, triglycerides, and several proteins, including apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), which is the most abundant 1 , 2 . HDLs constitute heterogeneous lipoprotein particles in terms of density (1.063–1.210 g/mL) and size (7–20 nm) 3 , 4 . Their main function is to ensure the clearance of cholesterol by promoting its reverse transport from the tissues back to the liver.…”