HCV Infection among Saudi Population: High Prevalence of Genotype 4 and Increased Viral Clearance Rate

Abdel‐Moneim, Ahmed S.; Bamaga, Mohammad S.; Shehab, Gaber M. G.; Abuelsaad, Abdelaziz S. A.; Farahat, Fayssal

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029781

Cited by 36 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of liver diseases is relatively rising and the mortality and morbidity rates are significant [39, 40]. The present study was focused at studying the protective effect of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil to CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

Al‐Seeni

Rabey

Zamzami

et al. 2016

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundLiver disease is the major cause of serious health problem leading to morbidity and mortality worldwide and the problem has increased in search for hepatotherapeutic agents from plants. The present study was designed to compare the probable hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and N. sativa oil on CCl4 induced liver damage in male rats.MethodsForty males of a new model of albino rats (Wistar strain) (175–205 g) were divided into four groups. The 1st Group (G1) was the negative control group, the remaining rats were injected with CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight) with equal amount of olive oil on the 1st and 4th day of every week for 4 weeks. The 2nd group (G2) was the positive control, the 3rd group (G3) and the fourth group (G4) were treated orally with N. sativa oil and olive oils using stomach tube.ResultsThe positive control group showed an increase in hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, lipid peroxide total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins, interleukin-6, and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, a decrease in total protein and albumin an when compared with negative control group. Histology of the CCl4 treated group revealed inflammation and damage of liver cells. Treating the hepatotoxic rats with olive oil and N. sativa oil showed a significant improvement in all biochemical tests compared with the positive CCl4 control group. In addition, the liver tissues of olive oil treated group showed mild improvement in inflammatory infiltration and in N. sativa oil treated group showed normal hepatocytes with no evidence of inflammation.ConclusionThis study revealed that olive oil and N. sativa oil have a protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Nigella sativa oil was more effective than olive oil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

Al‐Seeni

Rabey

Zamzami

et al. 2016

BMC Complement Altern Med

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“…In our sub-group analysis, inclusive of 23 studies with direct comparison between genders, with a total of 3,211 HCV-4 patients [2,322 (72%) males and 889 (28%) females], we did not observe a significant difference in SVR rates between the two genders. The ratio of males to females likely demonstrates a male treatment bias since the frequency of HCV-4 is similar for both genders based on several epidemiological studies [113–115]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis

Yee

Nguyen

Zhang

et al. 2014

European Journal of Gastroenterology &Amp; Hepatology

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Background The burden of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 (HCV-4) is high in Africa and East Mediterranean countries. Previous reports estimate sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in HCV-4 to be ~20–70%. However, many of these studies are limited by different study designs and small sample sizes. Aim Our aim was to evaluate treatment outcome and host/viral factors on SVR in HCV-4 patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PEG IFN+RBV) in a systematic and quantitative fashion. Methods A comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE and EMBASE for ‘genotype 4’ was conducted in November 2013. Abstracts from AASLD, APASL, DDW, and EASL in 2012/2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were original studies with ≥25 treatment-naïve HCV-4 patients treated with PEG IFN+RBV. Exclusion criteria were co-infection with HIV, HBV, or other genotypes. Effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was determined by Cochrane Q-test (p-value <0.05) and I-squared statistic (>50%). Results We included 51 studies (11,102 HCV-4 patients) in the primary analysis. Pooled SVR was 53% (95% CI: 50–55%) (Q-statistic = 269.20, p<0.05; I2 = 81.43). On sub-group analyses, SVR was significantly associated with lower viral load, OR 3.05 (CI 1.80–5.17, p<0.001); mild fibrosis, OR 3.17 (CI 2.19–4.59, p<0.001); and favorable IL28B polymorphisms, rs12979860 CC versus CT/TT, OR 4.70 (CI 2.87–7.69, p<0.001), and rs8099917 TT versus GT/GG, OR 5.21 (CI 2.31–11.73, p<0.001). Conclusions HCV-4 patients treated with PEG IFN+RBV may expect SVR rate of ~50%. Lower viral load, mild fibrosis, and favorable IL28B (rs12979860 CC and rs8099917 TT) are positively associated with SVR.

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“…This is due to the fact that those who resolve the infection remain anti-HCV positive for many years [96, 97]. Clearance of hepatitis C depends on many factors such as genetic variants of host's genes [98], virus genotype [99], medical treatment of disease [100, 101], and general status of the immune system. Resolved infections have been frequently associated with a strong HCV-specific cellular immune response [89, 102, 103].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Tools in HCV Diagnosis, in Light of the Enhanced Awareness and the New Drugs for Treatment: SMARTube and Stimmunology

Gorodin¹,

Ünal

Wang

et al. 2013

The Scientific World Journal

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With improved HCV therapy, challenges regarding HCV diagnosis, such as seronegative window period, false positive readings, and differentiation between recent, chronic, and resolved infections, are of increasing importance. To address these challenges an innovative device—SMARTube HIV & HCV—was used. Blood samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies before and after incubation in the SMARTube, which promotes the in vitro stimulation of in vivo HCV primed lymphocytes, thus enhancing levels of anti-HCV antibodies. Comparing antibody levels, in concordant samples before and after SMARTube, yielded the Stimulation Index (SI). Among 5888 fresh blood samples, from various populations and regions worldwide, 641 were seropositive using plasma, while SMARTube processing (yielding enriched plasma, termed SMARTplasma) enabled diagnosis of 10 additional carriers in high-risk cohorts, that is, earlier detection. Using SMARTplasma eliminated all false positive results, using the current assays. In addition we show that SI calculation may serve as an important tool for differentiating between those who recently seroconverted, carriers of long-term infection, and those who have cleared the virus. SMARTube and the SI could lead to better, more informative diagnosis of HCV infections and play an important role in changing the way we treat both the infected individuals and the epidemic as a whole.

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HCV Infection among Saudi Population: High Prevalence of Genotype 4 and Increased Viral Clearance Rate

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

The hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

The hepatoprotective activity of olive oil and Nigella sativa oil against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male rats

Meta-analysis

New Tools in HCV Diagnosis, in Light of the Enhanced Awareness and the New Drugs for Treatment: SMARTube and Stimmunology

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