HCCI experiments with toluene reference fuels modeled by a semidetailed chemical kinetic model

Andrae, Johan C. G.; Brinck, Tore; Kalghatgi, Gautam

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.05.010

Cited by 197 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A toluene reference fuel was chosen to represent a gasoline, and the composition of the iso-octane/n-heptane/toluene blend was chosen on the basis of the results in ref 27, where the laminar burning velocities of this blend compared well to measurements of the laminar burning velocity of a real gasoline performed by Zhao et al 28 In Figure 4, the laminar burning velocity of E75 [75% (v/v) ethanol and 25% (v/v) TRF] and E20 [20% (v/v) ethanol and 80% (v/v) TRF] at 600 K and 40 bar is calculated with different mixing rules, and again, it is clear that the mole fraction mixing rule is not the right approach to predict the laminar burning velocity of multi-component fuels. Notice also the large difference in the burning velocity between the TRF and ethanol.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Mixing Rules for the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline–Alcohol Blends

et al. 2012

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Experimental measurements of the laminar burning velocity are mostly limited in pressure and temperature and can be compromised by the effects of flame stretch and instabilities. Computationally, these effects can be avoided by calculating one-dimensional, planar adiabatic flames using chemical oxidation mechanisms. Chemical kinetic models are often large, complex and take a lot of computation time, and few models exist for multi-component fuels. The aim of the present study is to investigate if simple mixing rules are able to predict the laminar burning velocity of fuel blends with a good accuracy. An overview of different mixing rules to predict the laminar burning is given and these mixing rules are tested for blends of hydrocarbons and ethanol. Experimental data of ethanol/n-heptane and ethanol/n-heptane/iso-octane mixtures and modeling data of an ethanol/nheptane blend and blends of ethanol and a toluene reference fuel are used to test the different mixing rules. Effects of higher temperature and pressure on the performance of the mixing rules are investigated. It was found that simple mixing rules that consider only the change in composition are accurate enough to predict the laminar burning velocity of ethanol/hydrocarbon blends. For the blends used in this study, a Le Chatelier's rule based on energy fractions is preferable because of the similar accuracy in comparison to other mixing rules while being more simple to use.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Mixing Rules for the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline–Alcohol Blends

et al. 2012

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“…The first one is a wellknown semi-detailed gasoline surrogate mechanism (Andrae [29]) based on a skeletal nheptane/iso-octane PRF model to which toluene, diisobutylene and ethanol mechanisms are added. The mechanism consists of 137 species and 633 reactions.…”

Section: Chemical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting auto-ignition characteristics of RCCI combustion using a multi-zone model

Egüz

Maes

Leermakers

et al. 2013

Int.J Automot. Technol.

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Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) is a clean and efficient alternative for classical diesel combustion. The concept of PCCI combustion is associated with early injection of the fuel whilst applying high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels and operation with a highly lean mixture such that ignition takes place (well) after the injection event. Thus, it is possible to reduce soot and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions simultaneously. PCCI combustion is analyzed using a multi-zone model. In the multi-zone model, chemical mechanisms which are much more detailed compared to those used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches can be introduced directly. The CFD model is still used to predict the initial fuel stratification in the cylinder which is important to improve the quality of the model. For the analysis, dedicated experiments with n-heptane are used to evaluate the results of the model. In such a multi-zone model, 10 zones prove to be sufficient to describe the stratification with adequate resolution. It is observed that different fuel distributions have a large influence on the emissions when there is no mixing between the zones. To overcome this dependence, a basic inter-zonal diffusive 2 mixing is applied. The level of mixing is estimated with a sensitivity study. When the inter-zonal mixing is included, emission results become much less sensitive to the crank angle (CA) at which the charge stratification is sampled and the simulation is initialized.

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“…As an illustration of relevant surrogate fuels, blends of n-heptane, isooctane and toluene [16,17] have been shown to fairly reproduce the combustion behavior of gasoline [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

Kashif

Bonnety

Matynia

et al. 2015

Combustion and Flame

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The sooting propensities of binary mixtures of n-heptane and toluene on one hand, and isooctane and toluene on the other hand are evaluated in haust gas recirculation (EGR). The evolution of the sooting propensity as a function of both toluene mole fraction in the binary mixtures and CO 2 content of the air stream can then be revealed. The sooting tendencies of both kinds of blends decrease in a very linear way with increasing CO 2 content of the air stream. On the opposite, the sooting tendencies of isooctane/toluene blends follow a strongly non-linear relationship with the toluene mole fraction due to synergistic effects while YSIs of n-heptane/toluene blends show very linear trends. Interestingly, these trends match those observed on other configurations of diffusion flames, further strengthening the consistency of the YSI methodology. The combined effects of fuel blending and CO 2 dilution are also exhibited. All these trends can be of great importance for further investigations as toluene and isooctane mole fractions found in commercially available gasoline and gasoline surrogate fuels are prone to affect soot formation through a strong synergistic effect as identified in current study.

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HCCI experiments with toluene reference fuels modeled by a semidetailed chemical kinetic model

Cited by 197 publications

References 38 publications

Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Mixing Rules for the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline–Alcohol Blends

Alternative Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Mixing Rules for the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline–Alcohol Blends

Predicting auto-ignition characteristics of RCCI combustion using a multi-zone model

Sooting propensities of some gasoline surrogate fuels: Combined effects of fuel blending and air vitiation

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