HBV + HCV = Hcc?

Cramp, M.

doi:10.1136/gut.45.2.168

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In HCV-infected patients, factors related to host and environment/lifestyle appear to be more important than viral factors in determining progression to cirrhosis. These factors include: older age overall as well as older age at the time of acquisition of infection, male gender, heavy alcohol intake (>50 g/day), diabetes, obesity, and co-infection with HIV or HBV [46]. …”

Section: Risk Factors For Hccmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma

Nordenstedt

White

El–Serag

2010

Digestive and Liver Disease

474

350

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Primary liver cancer (PLC) represents approximately 4% of all new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. The purpose of this review is to describe some of the latest international patterns in PLC incidence and mortality, as well as to give an overview of the main etiological factors. We used two databases, GLOBOCAN 2002 and the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database to analyze the incidence and mortality rates for PLC in several regions around the world. The highest age adjusted incidence rates (>20 per 100,000) were reported from countries in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa that are endemic for HBV infection. Countries in Southern Europe have medium-high incidence rates, while low-incidence areas (<5 per 100,000) include South and Central America, and the rest of Europe. Cirrhosis is present in about 80–90% of HCC patients and is thereby the largest single risk factor. Main risk factors include HBV, HCV, aflatoxin and possibly obesity and diabetes. Together HBV and HCV account for 80–90% of all HCC worldwide. HBV continues to be the major HCC risk factor worldwide, although its importance will most likely decrease during the coming decades due to the widespread use of the HBV vaccine in the newborns. HCV has been the dominant viral cause in HCC in North America, some Western countries and Japan. Obesity and diabetes are increasing at a fast pace throughout the world, and if they are proven to be HCC risk factors, they would account for more HCC cases in the future.

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Section: Risk Factors For Hccmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma

Nordenstedt

White

El–Serag

2010

Digestive and Liver Disease

474

350

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“…It is a highly malignant tumour that is associated with a high incidence of cancer morbidity and mortality 2, 3. Epidemiological factors of HCC include chronic viral hepatitis types B and C infections 4, dietary aflatoxin 5, and alcoholic liver disease 6. Recent studies have also put emphasis on obesity, diabetes, and a dysregulated lipogenesis pathway including fatty acid metabolism in the induction of hepatic steatosis, and thus an increased risk of HCC 7–10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced CRYL1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma confers cell growth advantages and correlates with adverse patient prognosis

Cheng

Ching

Chan

et al. 2009

The Journal of Pathology

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Homozygous deletion screening has been widely utilized to define tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancers. Although these biallelic deletions are infrequent, their identification has facilitated the discovery of many important TSGs. We have systematically examined the genome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant tumour that is rapidly fatal, for the presence of homozygous deletions. Array-CGH analysis on early passage of HCC cultures and cell lines led us to identify six homozygous deleted (HD) regions. A high concordance between array-CGH and expression of HD genes was demonstrated, where crystallin Lambda1 (CRYL1; located on chromosome 13q12.11) displayed the most frequent down-regulation. We found that reduced mRNA expression of CRYL1 was common in HCC tumours when compared with their adjacent non-tumoural liver (p = 0.0097). Significant associations could also be drawn between repressed CRYL1 and advanced tumour staging, increased tumour size, and shorter disease-free survival of patients (p < 0.037). Moreover, homozygous deletions on CRYL1 could be detected in 36% of HCC cases, where recurrent HDs were identified on exons 1, 5, and 8. Examination of other causal events suggested histone deacetylation and promoter hypermethylation to be likely inactivating mechanisms as well. Re-expression of CRYL1 in the SK-Hep1 cell line, where biallelic loss of CRYL1 was found, induced profound inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell growth (p < 0.0015). By Annexin V staining, CRYL1 restoration readily increased pro-apoptotic cells with an induction of PARP cleavage. Flow cytometry further revealed that CRYL1 could prolong the G(2)-M phase, possibly through interruption of the Cdc2/cyclin B pathway. Given that regional chromosome 13q12-q14 loss is a causal genomic event in HCC tumourigenesis, our finding may have implications for identifying a novel TSG CRYL1 within this important locus.

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“…These factors include older age, older age at the time of acquisition of infection, 28 male sex, heavy alcohol intake (more than 50 g/d), 29 coinfection with HBV, 24,30 or HIV, 31 and a transfusion-related mode of HCV acquisition. 27,28 Alcohol Consumption.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Hcc In Hcvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C in the United States

M.D.

2002

Hepatology

198

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Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In general, HCC develops only after 2 or more decades of HCV infection and the increased risk is restricted largely to patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis. Factors that predispose to HCC among HCV-infected persons include male sex, older age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection, heavy alcohol intake, and possibly diabetes and a transfusion-related source of HCV infection. Viral factors play a minor role. The likelihood of development of HCC among HCV-infected persons is difficult to determine because of the paucity of adequate long-term cohort studies; the best estimate is 1% to 3% after 30 years. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops at an annual rate of 1% to 4%. Successful antiviral therapy of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis may reduce the future risk for HCC. The incidence of and mortality caused by all HCC has doubled in the United States over the past 25 years, an increase that has affected all ethnic groups, both sexes, and younger age groups. Given the current prevalence of HCV infection among persons 30 to 50 years of age, the incidence and mortality rates H epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects approximately half a million persons each year worldwide making it the fifth most common malignancy in men and the ninth most common in women. HCC is a rapidly fatal cancer that mostly affects persons in developing countries where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic. Recently, however, a trend of increasing rates of HCC has been reported from several developed countries in North America, Europe, and Asia. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appears to play an important role in these new trends. Hepatitis C and HCCSeveral lines of evidence indicate a strong causal association between HCV and HCC. HCV RNA can be found in the serum, liver, and tumor tissues of patients with HCC, but unlike HBV it does not integrate into the host genome. 1 Markers of HCV infection are found in a variable proportion of HCC cases in Europe with an increasing gradient from North to South 2 ; for example, 44% to 66% in Italy, 3-5 27% to 58% in France, 6 60% to 75% in Spain, 7 and in 80% to 90% of HCC cases in Japan. 8,9 Moreover, the age-standardized death rates owing to HCC in several European countries are significantly correlated with the seroprevalence of HCV in the general population. 10 The frequency of HCV seropositivity among persons with HCC compiled from a summary of published studies of HCC in the United States is shown in Fig. 1. Of 1,429 patients assumed to have been tested, 384 (27%) were positive for HCV. 11-15 However, a higher but undefined proportion of patients with HCC might have had HCV detected by polymerase chain reaction testing of liver tissue and/or serum, even if antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) was not detectable, 16 particularly if first-generation tests were used. On the other hand, 240 of 1,670 (14%) patients with HCC in the United States tested positive for hepatitis ...

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HBV + HCV = Hcc?

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma

The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reduced CRYL1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma confers cell growth advantages and correlates with adverse patient prognosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C in the United States

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