Hazardous waste incinerators under waste uncertainty: Balancing and throughput maximization via heat recuperation

Stabilization of waste bottom ash generated from hazardous waste incinerators

“…Since quantity of hazardous industrial waste increases signifi- 7 cantly, it is evident that treatment and disposal of all such 8 materials without causing the environmental harm has become a 9 major concern. The current approach in waste management can be 10 summarized in three principles: waste prevention, recycling and 11 reuse, and final disposal of waste and its monitoring [1].…”

“…The current approach in waste management can be 10 summarized in three principles: waste prevention, recycling and 11 reuse, and final disposal of waste and its monitoring [1]. 12 Incineration of the waste is advantageous because it makes 13 wastes applicable as an energy source whilst rendering both their 14 volume and mass significantly lower. Nevertheless, combustion of 15 wastes produces CO 2 , fly ash and bottom ash as a by-product [2][3][4][5].…”

“…12 Incineration of the waste is advantageous because it makes 13 wastes applicable as an energy source whilst rendering both their 14 volume and mass significantly lower. Nevertheless, combustion of 15 wastes produces CO 2 , fly ash and bottom ash as a by-product [2][3][4][5]. 16 Fly ash is a product of exhaust gases purification collected from the 17 electrostatic precipitators or bag filters; the other product of 18 combustion is solid combustible material -bottom ash.…”

“…Nevertheless, combustion of 15 wastes produces CO 2 , fly ash and bottom ash as a by-product [2][3][4][5]. 16 Fly ash is a product of exhaust gases purification collected from the 17 electrostatic precipitators or bag filters; the other product of 18 combustion is solid combustible material -bottom ash. Solid 19 wastes, such as bottom and fly ash (as well as off-gas cleaning), 20 contain residues with high levels of heavy metals, inorganic salts 21 and other, organic, compounds.…”

“…16 Fly ash is a product of exhaust gases purification collected from the 17 electrostatic precipitators or bag filters; the other product of 18 combustion is solid combustible material -bottom ash. Solid 19 wastes, such as bottom and fly ash (as well as off-gas cleaning), 20 contain residues with high levels of heavy metals, inorganic salts 21 and other, organic, compounds. 22 Only as recently as in 2003 was bottom ash included on the list 23 of dangerous waste materials according to the Council of the 24 European Union; whilst fly ash had been listed as a dangerous 25 waste material (code 19.01.13) already [6].…”