Hazardous trace elements in thoracic fraction of airborne particulate matter: Assessment of temporal variations, sources, and health risks in a megacity

Ramírez, Omar; Campa, Ana M. Sánchez de la; Sánchez-Rodas, Daniel; Rosa, J. de la

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136344

Cited by 61 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…For some metals our study revealed values of HIs and CRs of inhalation higher for adults than children, this finding is consistent with the recent study on Sistan, Iran [ 81 ]. The cancer risk for an inhalation exposure of Sb was found negligible to children and adults in all sampling sites, this result is in accord with recent study on Bogota [ 82 ]. It is worth noting that although all mentioned cities are major cities, but due to difference of sampling areas and geochemical composition of dust, the results may not accurately demonstrate the difference between cities.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan

Moryani

Kong

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The aim of this study is to identify and investigate levels of toxic heavy metals in PM2.5 fractioned road dust to better understand the associated inhalation risk and potential health impacts. To achieve this aim, concentrations of seven traffic generated heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Sb, and Cr) were determined in the PM2.5 fraction of road dust samples from four different locations (offices, residential, hospital, and school) in two cities (Karachi and Shikarpur) of Pakistan using ICP-MS. The average concentration values of heavy metals in Karachi were as follows: 332.9 mg/kg Cu, 426.6 mg/kg Pb, 4254.4 mg/kg Zn, 62.3 mg/kg Cd, 389.7 mg/kg Ni, 70.4 mg/kg Sb, 148.1 mg/kg Cr, whereas the average concentration values of heavy metals in Shikarpur were 245.8 mg/kg Cu, 538.4 mg/kg Pb, 8351.0 mg/kg Zn, 57.6 mg/kg Cd, 131.7 mg/kg Ni, 314.5 mg/kg Sb, 346.6 mg/kg Cr. The pollution level was assessed through two pollution indices enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). These indices showed moderate to extreme level pollution in studied areas of both cities. The health risk assessment through inhalation contact was conducted according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) model for children and adults. Both non-cancerous and cancerous risks were characterised in the road dust samples for each location. As yet, there is not a single study on the concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 fractions of road dust in Karachi and Shikarpur, findings of this research will facilitate researchers for further investigations in current field.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan

Moryani

Kong

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…To assess the changes in air quality levels, 24-hour average concentrations of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO 2 were collected in Bogotá (latitude: 4.624, longitude: −74.063, altitude: 2640 m above sea level, m.a.s.l) and Medellín (latitude: 6.230, longitude: −75.5905, altitude: 1495 m.a.s.l) for the period ranging from February 21, 2020, to June 30, 2020. These cities are within the most populated and polluted cities in NSA ( Pachón, 2018 ; Aguiar-Gil et al, 2020 ; Ramírez et al, 2020 ), and are located in the Andes mountain range with nearly 8 million and 3 million inhabitants, respectively. Air quality data was collected from the public monitoring networks such as SDA ( http://201.245.192.252:81/ ) in Bogotá and SIATA ( https://siata.gov.co/siata_nuevo/ ) in Medellín.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality variations in Northern South America during the COVID-19 lockdown

Méndez-Espinosa

Rojas

Vargas

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Lockdown measures led to air pollution decrease in several countries around the world such as China and India, whereas other regions experimented an increase in pollutant concentrations. Northern South America (NSA) was one of those areas where pollution changed during lockdown due to high fire activity. This study aims to analyze, for the first time in NSA, the behavior of selected criteria air pollutants during the implementation of the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in two high populated cities of the region: Bogotá and Medellín in Colombia. A set of tools including surface measurements, as well as satellite and modeled data were used. 24-hour average concentrations of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO 2 were collected from air quality stations for the lockdown period ranging from February 21 to June 30, 2020. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) was used to analyze the fire flux OC as a biomass burning (BB) indicator, and tropospheric NO 2 concentrations were retrieved from TROPOMI. The HYSPLIT model was used to analyze back trajectories and fire data were obtained from MODIS sensor measurements. Our analysis shows short-term background NO 2 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 concentration reductions of 60%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, for the strict lockdown; and 62%, 58%, and 69% for the relaxed lockdown. Corresponding long-term reductions were of 50%, 32%, and 9% for the strict lockdown; and 37%, 29%, and 19% for the relaxed lockdown. Regional BB increased PM 2.5 concentrations by 20 μg/m 3 during the strict lockdown, and the Saharan dust event increased PM 10 concentrations up to 168 μg/m 3 in Bogotá, and 104 μg/m 3 in Medellín, bringing an additional risk of morbidity and mortality for population. Regional BB has several causes that need to be properly managed to benefit local air quality improvement plans. Future cleaner transport policies equivalent to reduced lockdown mobility could bring pollution close to WHO guidelines.

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“…To evaluate the relative contributions of crustal and anthropogenic origins of the elements, the enrichment factor (EF) of each element was estimated by the following formula ( Gao et al., 1992 ; Ramirez et al., 2020 ):

where (X/Ref) sample represents the mass ratio of element X to the reference element in PM 2.5 sample, and (X/Ref) crust represents the mass ratio of element X to the reference element in the crust. Here, Fe is used as the reference element ( Gao et al., 1992 ; Ramirez et al., 2020 ). The crustal element data in the continental of eastern China was given by Gao et al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1999) . Generally, EF value of above 10 is considered indicative of the significant anthropogenic origin, and EF value lower than 10 implies the dominant crustal source ( Ramirez et al., 2020 ; Wang et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into chemical composition, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of atmospheric pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta region, China during the COVID-19 outbreak control period

Jia

Huo

et al. 2020

Environmental Pollution

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To investigate chemical characteristics, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of atmospheric pollutants during the COVID-19 outbreak control period in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China, the measurements of air pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on non-control period (NCP, 24 December 2019–23 January 2020) and control period (CP, 24 January–23 February 2020) were analyzed at the urban Pudong Supersite (PD) and the regional Dianshan Lake Supersite (DSL). Due to the stricter outbreak control, the levels of PM 2.5 and VOCs, and the occurrence frequencies of haze-fog episodes decreased substantially from NCP to CP, with average reduction rates of 31.6%, 38.9% and 35.1% at PD, and 34.5%, 50.7% and 37.9% at DSL, respectively. The major source for PM 2.5 was secondary sulfate & nitrate in both periods, and the emission control of primary sources such as coal burning and vehicle exhaust decreased the levels of precursors gas sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which highly contributed to the abatement of PM 2.5 from NCP to CP. The higher levels of ozone at both PD and DSL on CP might be due to the weak nitrogen monoxide titration, low relative humidity and high visibility compared with NCP. Vehicle exhaust and fugitive emission from petrochemical industry were the major contributors of ambient VOCs and their decreasing activities mainly accounted for VOCs abatement. Moreover, the high frequency of haze-fog events was closely impacted by medium-scale regional transport within Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. Therefore, the decreasing regional transported air pollutants coincided with the emission control of local sources to cause the abatement of haze-fog events in YRD region on CP. This study could improve the understanding of the change of atmospheric pollutants during the outbreak control period, and provide scientific base for haze-fog pollution control in YRD region, China.

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Hazardous trace elements in thoracic fraction of airborne particulate matter: Assessment of temporal variations, sources, and health risks in a megacity

Cited by 61 publications

References 86 publications

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan

Air quality variations in Northern South America during the COVID-19 lockdown

Insights into chemical composition, abatement mechanisms and regional transport of atmospheric pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta region, China during the COVID-19 outbreak control period

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