Hazardous effects of nanomaterials on aquatic life

Shinde, Surbhi; More, Pragati Rajendra; Ingle, Avinash P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99446-0.00012-x

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Unfortunately, some of these rubber-compounding ingredients are considered toxic to the environment and humans. For instance, zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used inorganic activator for sulfur vulcanization, is known to be hazardous for aquatic ecosystems [ 2 , 3 ]. For humans, toxicity from rubber chemicals is mostly focused on vulcanization accelerators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Application in Natural Rubber of Leucaena Leaf and Its Extracted Products

Klongklaew,

Khamjapo,

Sae-Oui

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Leucaena is a fast-growing tree in the legume family. Its leaf contains a significant amount of protein and is thus widely used as fodder for cattle. To broaden its application in the rubber field, the effects of Leucaena leaf powder and its extracted products on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber were investigated. The extraction of Leucaena leaf was carried out by using a proteolytic enzyme at 60 °C. The digested protein was separated from the residue by centrifugation. Both digested protein and residue were then dried and ground into powder, namely digested protein powder and residual powder, respectively, before being characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size determination, and protein analysis. After being added to natural rubber at 3 parts per hundred rubber, they significantly reduced both the scorch time and the optimum cure time of the rubber compounds, probably due to the presence of nitrogen-containing substances, without a significant sacrifice of the mechanical properties. For instance, the optimum cure time decreased by approximately 25.5, 35.4, and 54.9% for Leucaena leaf powder, residual powder, and digested protein powder, respectively. Thus, they can be used as green and sustainable fillers with a cure-activation effect in rubber compounding.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%