Hazardous Alcohol Use and Receipt of Risk-Reduction Counseling Among U.S. Veterans of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Calhoun, Patrick S.; Elter, John R.; Jones, Everett; Kudler, Harold; Straits-Tröster, Kristy

doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n1103

Cited by 111 publications

(95 citation statements)

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“…Because high rates of these conditions are frequently observed among returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans and because these are the conditions that combat exposure has previously been most strongly associated with, the present research primarily focused on these clinical outcomes. However, there are many other conditions that are significant concerns for returning veterans, including alcohol misuse (e.g., Calhoun, Elter, Jones, Kudler, & Straits-Troster, 2008), suicide (e.g., Kang & Bullman, 2008), traumatic brain injury (Morissette et al, 2011), andviolence (e.g., MacManus et al, 2012). Additional research into the relationship between the CWE and such other key outcomes is needed.…”

Section: Study Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The critical warzone experiences (CWE) scale: Initial psychometric properties and association with PTSD, anxiety, and depression

Kimbrel¹,

Evans²,

Patel³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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Objective-To develop and evaluate a Critical Warzone Experiences (CWE) scale, a brief measure of warzone experiences associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression.Method-The psychometric properties of the CWE were evaluated across three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (combined N = 392).Results-Despite its brevity (7 items), the CWE exhibited good internal consistency (average α = .83), good temporal stability (1-year test-retest reliability = .73), and a clear unidimensional factor structure in Study 1. Study 2 confirmed the CWE's factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling demonstrated a strong association between the CWE and post-deployment mental health, β = .49, p < .001. Study 3 provided further support for the validity of the CWE by demonstrating that it was associated with PTSD diagnosis, clinicianrated PTSD symptom severity, and global functional impairment in an independent sample of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (average validity coefficient = .59). 1Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Nathan A. Kimbrel, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705. Phone: (919) 286-0411, ext. 6759. Nathan.Kimbrel@va.gov. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Author ManuscriptVA Author Manuscript VA Author ManuscriptConclusion-While replication of these findings in more diverse samples is needed, the preliminary evidence from these studies indicates that the CWE is a brief, reliable, and valid measure of critical warzone experiences among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans.In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, researchers began to intensively study the manner in which combat experiences might contribute to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other types of mental health problems. As a result, several measures of combat exposure were created, including the widely-used 7-item Combat Exposure Scale (CES; Keane et a., 1989), which was validated with Vietnam veterans. More recently, considerably longer measures of combat exposure and other types of deployment experiences (e.g., post-battle experiences) have been developed, including the U.S. Army and Marine Corps Mental Health Advisory Team's Combat Experiences Scale (MHAT-CES).The MHAT-CES has been used in numerous studies of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (e.g., Booth-Kewley, Larson, Highfill-McRoy, Garland, & Gaskin, 2010;Castro, Bienvenu, Hufmann, & Adler, 2000;Hoge et al., 2004;Hoge, Milliken, Auchterlonie, & Hoge, 2007;Meyer et al., 2013;Morissette et al., 2011;Wright, Cabrera, Eckford, Adler, & Bliese, 2012), including Hoge and colleagues ' (2004) seminal study on mental health problems among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans. Despite the widespread use of the MHAT-CES in published studies of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, there has been significant variability in the manner in which this measure has been administered. Whereas some studies used versions of the MHAT-CES that contained as many as 44 items and...

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Section: Study Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The critical warzone experiences (CWE) scale: Initial psychometric properties and association with PTSD, anxiety, and depression

Kimbrel¹,

Evans²,

Patel³

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The four groups were not significantly different according to age (one-way ANOVA, F [3,33] AUDIT-C = Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, consumption questions; CC = combat comparison; MHD = mental health disorder; mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury; SD = standard deviation. Table 3.…”

Section: Description Of Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hazardous alcohol use, indicative of alcohol use disorder (AUD), is endemic among U.S. Veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan [1][2][3]. AUD rates are even higher for Veterans returning from deployment with co-occurring mental health disorders (MHDs) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol use and craving among Veterans with mental health disorders and mild traumatic brain injury

et al. 2014

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“…Of the five types of risky or self-destructive behavior considered in the present study, only substance use and suicide-related thoughts and behaviors have received significant research attention as possible consequences of military deployment. Combat deployment has been associated with increased likelihood of drug and alcohol problems (Browne et al, 2008;Calhoun et al, 2008;Hoge et al, 2004;Koenen et al, 2003). However, empirical findings regarding the association between deployment and suicide-related ideations and behaviors have been weak and inconsistent (Centers for Disease Control, 1987;Hall, 1996;Hansen-Schwartz et al, 2002;Kaplan et al, 2009;O'Toole and Cantor, 1995;Thoresen et al, 2003;Wojcik et al, 2009;Wong et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of combat deployment on risky and self-destructive behavior among active duty military personnel

Thomsen

Stander

McWhorter

et al. 2011

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Rabenhorst, Mandy M.; and Milner, Joel S., "Effects of combat deployment on risky and self-destructive behavior among active duty military personnel" (2011 a b s t r a c tAlthough research has documented negative effects of combat deployment on mental health, few studies have examined whether deployment increases risky or self-destructive behavior. The present study addressed this issue. In addition, we examined whether deployment effects on risky behavior varied depending on history of pre-deployment risky behavior, and assessed whether psychiatric conditions mediated effects of deployment on risky behavior. In an anonymous survey, active duty members of the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy (N ¼ 2116) described their deployment experiences and their participation in risky recreational activities, unprotected sex, illegal drug use, self-injurious behavior, and suicide attempts during three time frames (civilian, military pre-deployment, and military postdeployment). Respondents also reported whether they had problems with depression, anxiety, or PTSD during the same three time frames. Results revealed that risky behavior was much more common in civilian than in military life, with personnel who had not deployed, compared to those who had deployed, reporting more risky behavior and more psychiatric problems as civilians. For the current time period, in contrast, personnel who had deployed (versus never deployed) were significantly more likely to report both risky behavior and psychiatric problems. Importantly, deployment was associated with increases in risky behavior only for personnel with a pre-deployment history of engaging in risky behavior. Although psychiatric conditions were associated with higher levels of risky behavior, psychiatric problems did not mediate associations between deployment and risky behavior. Implications for understanding effects of combat deployment on active duty personnel and directions for future research are discussed.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Hazardous Alcohol Use and Receipt of Risk-Reduction Counseling Among U.S. Veterans of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

The critical warzone experiences (CWE) scale: Initial psychometric properties and association with PTSD, anxiety, and depression

The critical warzone experiences (CWE) scale: Initial psychometric properties and association with PTSD, anxiety, and depression

Alcohol use and craving among Veterans with mental health disorders and mild traumatic brain injury

Effects of combat deployment on risky and self-destructive behavior among active duty military personnel

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