Hazard identification by methods of animal-based toxicology

Barlow, Sue; Greig, J. B.; Bridges, Jim; Carere, A.; Carpy, A.; Galli, C. L.; Kleiner, Juliane; Knudsen, Ib; Koëter, H.B.W.M.; Levy, Leonard S.; Madsen, Charlotte Bernhard; Mayer, Stefan; Narbonne, J. F.; Pfannkuch, F; Prodanchuk, M.G.; Smith, Maurice R.; Steinberg, Pablo

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00117-x

Cited by 106 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…In such cases, it is obvious that the animal data will not be predictive for humans. To maximize the predicting efficacy of animal testing and to guarantee more reliable data, the selection of the animal species for in vivo experiments should be carried out after determining and comparing the toxicokinetic and the metabolism of the chemical studied in different animal species (Barlow et al, 2002). The genetic status of the animal should also be assessed prior to the planning and realization of in vivo experiments, as it would increase the power of the experiment and reduce the chance to detect false negatives (Festing, 2010).…”

Section: In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

Marques

Lourenço

Nunes

et al. 2011

Food Research International

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Section: In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

Marques

Lourenço

Nunes

et al. 2011

Food Research International

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“…Emulsifiers for example bind to the components of infant formula and have little or no direct contact with the GIT, in comparison to a substance delivered in water (see example of carrageenan). Events at the border of nutrition and toxicology should be emphasized, such as tolerance and nutritional effects, which are often best studied in the actual target infant population [48][49][50] (once the toxicological safety has been established). This can be demonstrated by historical data or with targeted clinical trials at the intended use levels (usually existing use levels).…”

Section: Designing a Safety Data Package For Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life

Constable

Mahadevan

Pressman³

et al. 2017

Toxicology Research and Application

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During the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, infant foods and their constituent ingredients are subject to rigorous risk analysis and are strictly regulated by many authorities. Various jurisdictions have approved only a limited number of additives specifically with regard to infant foods to fulfill specific technical requirements of quality. As part of the approval process, a rigorous safety assessment is essential to confirm that the use of additives does not pose any health risk for the consumer. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be derived from the toxicological databases. However, the ADI may not be applicable to infants because of the possible developmental sensitivities and potentially high exposure scenarios, leading to possible lower margins of safety than would often be determined for adult populations. There is interest in defining better food safety assessment approaches for pre-weaned infants aged less than 12-16 weeks. To confirm safe use in infants, we reviewed the suitability of the existing safety databases of six additives with historical uses in infant nutrition products. To determine further toxicity testing strategies, it is necessary to understand whether the chemical used in the additives is identical to endogenous physiological metabolites and/or whether immature organs of infants are targets of toxicity. Combined with an in-depth review of the existing relevant toxicological and nutritional studies, this integrated approach will facilitate decision-making. We propose a decision tree as a tool within this approach to help guide appropriate data requirements and identify data gaps. In cases of reasonable uncertainty, studies of targeted juvenile should be considered to investigate the safe use levels in food products.

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“…In the case of hazards this will mostly be done in animal studies, although human observational studies can also provide evidence for associations between diets or dietary constituents and biomarkers of effect, particularly if supported by biomarkers of exposure. The development of early biomarkers of adverse effects was identified as a key issue for further work (Barlow et al, 2002). The use of biomarkers of effect in hazard characterization is still an area in which additional research is needed, especially when a level of exposure without significant adverse effects (NOAEL) cannot be determined (Edler et al, 2002).…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Exposure and Of Effect Can Be Used In Several mentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical appraisal of the assessment of benefits and risks for foods, ‘BRAFO Consensus Working Group’

Boobis

Chiodini

Hoekstra

et al. 2013

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Hazard identification by methods of animal-based toxicology

Cited by 106 publications

References 95 publications

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood

An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life

Critical appraisal of the assessment of benefits and risks for foods, ‘BRAFO Consensus Working Group’

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