Hazard Assessment of Microcystins From the Household’s Drinking Water

Abstract

Abstract. Cyanobacteria produce toxins which are hazardous to the health of people who are using water that is contaminated. The hazard quotient suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was used to assess the human health hazard of using contaminated water containers. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.5511) in the level of microcystin between blooming and decaying seasons. Findings show that all treated water samples in the containers were below the 1.0 µg/L level, which underscore this important issue: drinking water from treated water in containers has no adverse health effect when compared to drinking water from non-treated water containers, whether used by adults or children. In conclusion, collecting and storing of either pre-treated or non-treated water using containers needs post-treatment before drinking.

Current Effects of Cyanobacteria Toxin in Water Sources and Containers in the Hartbeespoort Dam Area, South Africa

“…The levels of microcystin concentration in the blooming season were (4.33 μg/L; 95% CI 4.19–9.10) and in the decaying season they were (5.00 μg/L; 95% CI 5.18–6.78). The outcomes for the dam-water samples were expected because the dam experiences cyanobacteria blooms as reported by Mokoena et al, 2016 [17]. However, the high number of toxins that was also observed in the decaying season was not expected.…”

Phosphorous runoff risk assessment and its potential management using wollastonite according to geochemical modeling

“…It has been assumed that an adult has a weight of 70 kg and a child 15 kg. Moreover, the calculated HQs for non-treated water containing microcystins-LR, for both children and adults, show values greater than 1.0 when considering the acceptable level of microcystins is suggested to be 1 μg/L for different water sources in household drinking water (Mokoena et al 2016). This is very concerning and highlights the importance of mitigating health impacts, especially for children who drink water containing relatively low levels of microcystin-LR.…”

Microcystin Incidence in the Drinking Water of Mozambique: Challenges for Public Health Protection

“…Neighboring countries published other data, which support the need for MC monitoring in Mozambique ( Figure 1 ), namely: South Africa : MC Producers: Synechocystis sp. Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis, Nostoc sp., Planktothrix sp., Phormidium sp., in the Limpopo river basin [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ], Hartbeespoort dam [ 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ], Kruger National Park [ 132 ], Sand, Mawoni, Lephalale, Mokolo, Crocodile, Nzhelele ivers [ 126 ] MC -YR, -LR, -FR, -YA, -LA, -LAba (0.156–0.270, 0.059–0.18, 0.09, 0.02–0.044, 0.051–0.241, 0.080 mg.g −1 ) in Natal and Transvaal dams [ 133 ], 8.6 µg·L −1 in Hartbeespoort dam [ 134 ], 12,300 µg·L −1 in Hartbeespoort lake [ 135 ]. Tanzania : MC-LR and -RR in different tissues of dead flamingos ( Phoeniconaias minor ) from Empakai Crater, Lake Natron and Lake Manyara (0.165–1.16 ng.g −1 ) [ 136 , 137 , 138 ], MC-RR (0.4–13 µgL −1 ) in Victoria lake [ 139 , 140 ], MC producers: Aphanocapsa sp., Anabaena sp., Microcystis sp.…”

“…South Africa : MC Producers: Synechocystis sp. Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis panniformis, Nostoc sp., Planktothrix sp., Phormidium sp., in the Limpopo river basin [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ], Hartbeespoort dam [ 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ], Kruger National Park [ 132 ], Sand, Mawoni, Lephalale, Mokolo, Crocodile, Nzhelele ivers [ 126 ] MC -YR, -LR, -FR, -YA, -LA, -LAba (0.156–0.270, 0.059–0.18, 0.09, 0.02–0.044, 0.051–0.241, 0.080 mg.g −1 ) in Natal and Transvaal dams [ 133 ], 8.6 µg·L −1 in Hartbeespoort dam [ 134 ], 12,300 µg·L −1 in Hartbeespoort lake [ 135 ].…”