Hay pellets — The influence of particle size reduction on their physical–mechanical quality and energy demand during production

Kirsten, Claudia; Lenz, Volker; Schröder, Hans-Werner; Repke, Jens‐Uwe

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.013

Cited by 53 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the presented study a pellet diameter of 6 mm, using a ring-die press (Münch RMP250, 15 kW, mass flow 40-110 kg/h, detailed description and depiction can be found in Kirsten et al [24]), was chosen, as it is a typical fuel shape for such appliances. The pelletizing followed the process schema shown in Kirsten et al [24] with milling, conditioning, pelletizing, and subsequent cooling, and an example for energy consumption during hay pelletizing at this scale of operation can be found in Pilz et al [25].…”

Section: Mineral Leaching (Florafuel Process) and Densification Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass

Khalsa

Döhling

Berger³

2016

Energies

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Abstract:The high contents of disadvantageous elements contained in non-woody biomass are known to cause problems during small and large scale combustion, typically resulting in a higher risk of slagging, corrosion, and increased emissions. Mechanically leaching the respective elements from the biomass through a sequence of process steps has proven to be a promising solution. The florafuel process used here is comprised of size reduction followed by washing and subsequent mechanical dewatering of the biomass. Densification of the upgraded biomass into standardized pellets (Ø 6mm) enables an application in existing small-scale boilers. The presented combustion trials investigated the performance of pellets made from leached grass, foliage and a mixture of both in two small-scale boilers (<100 kWth) with slightly different technology (moving grate versus water-cooled burner tube) during a 4-h measurement period. Emissions were in accordance with German emissions standards except for NO x (threshold is 0.50 g/m 3 ) in the case of pure grass pellets (0.51 g/m 3 ) and particulate matter (PM) in all but one case (foliage, 13-16 mg/m 3 ). An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) unit installed with one of the boilers successfully reduced PM emission of both the grass and mixture fuel below the threshold of 20 mg/m 3 (all emission values refer to 13 vol.% O 2 , at standard temperature and pressure (STP)). Bottom ash composition and grate temperature profiles were analyzed and discussed for one of the boilers.

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Section: Mineral Leaching (Florafuel Process) and Densification Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grass pellet production is currently more a matter of animal fodder than a means for fuel production. Yet, recent studies are specifically dealing with pelletization of alternative biomass, such as grassland biomass for energy purposes [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass

Khalsa

Döhling

Berger³

2016

Energies

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“…Hence, globally, studies have been conducted to identify the effect of changes in the fabrication parameters of pellets on their mechanisms of densification and properties. Kristen [44] studied the effect of the change of particle shape on the physical and mechanical properties of the pellets, finding that upon densifying fibrous materials, like previously sieved hay (4-mm mesh), the pellets obtain manage to fulfill requirements of international quality standards in terms of hardness and resistence.…”

Section: Characterization Of Pelletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass densification: A review of the market and recent R&D trends

2017

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The growing consumption of energy and the goals established in the COP21 to diminish greenhouse gases have been bases for the development of energy industries that use renewable sources. Biomass pellets have become interesting alternatives due to their physicochemical characteristics and advantages over traditional wood. This document sought to conduct a review of the behavior of the international market, emphasizing on the principal producer and consumer countries, prices of biofuel commercialization, as well as the different research trends related to this market. The European Union has become the principal market for biomass pellets with 94% growth in the last decade, sale prices around 200 and 250 €/t and an increasing need to import these biofuels. Research has focused mainly on four big areas, like pellet quality, new materials, market analysis, and combustion characteristics of the pellets. Understanding these research trends and knowing the existing market can permit the development of the currently inexistent Colombian industry for the use of this type of biofuel Keywords: Pellets, Biomass, Market, Solid Fuels, Renewable Energy. ResumenEl creciente consumo de energía y las metas establecidas en el COP21 para la disminución de gases de efecto invernadero han sido bases para el desarrollo de industrias energéticas que emplean fuentes renovables. Los pellets de biomasa se han convertido en alternativas interesantes debido a sus características fisicoquímicas y ventajas sobre la madera tradicional. El presente documento busca realizar una revisión al comportamiento del mercado internacional haciendo énfasis en los principales países productores y consumidores, los precios de comercialización del biocombustible, así como las diferentes tendencias en investigación relacionadas con este mercado. La Unión Europea se ha consolidado como el principal mercado para pellets de biomasa con un crecimiento del 94% en la última década, precios de venta alrededor de 200-250 €/t y una cada vez mayor necesidad de importar estos biocombustibles. Las investigaciones se han enfocado principalmente en cuatro grandes áreas como calidad de pellets, nuevos materiales, análisis de mercados y características de la combustión de pellets. Entender estas tendencias de investigación y conocer el mercado existente pueden permitir el desarrollo de la industria colombiana actualmente inexistente para el aprovechamiento de este tipo de biocombustible.

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“…According to numerous research studies, such as [7][8][9][10][11], the use of binders, additives or introduction of another type of biomass materials can cause an increase in the kinetic durability of the pellets obtained, reduction of power consumption during the pelleting process and series of changes in the energy value, ash content of pellets, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of using additives on quality of pelletized fodder

Găgeanu

Persu

Cujbescu

et al. 2019

Engineering for Rural Development

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The animal husbandry sector has had a great increase in the last decades, mostly due to extensive population growth. One of the sectors that has registered an extensive growth is the zootechnical sector, which had to meet the constantly growing food requirements from human populations. Green fodder is one of the main and most healthy animal feeds, but has the disadvantage that it is not available all year long and it has to be preserved. In order to be able to ensure healthy and nourishing animal feed throughout the entire year it is necessary to find ways to preserve green fodder in order to maintain its quality and nutritional properties. One of the ways to preserve green fodders' properties is to process them and turn them into pellets. This operation helps maintain homogeneity and store fodder in better conditions. The fodder pelleting process is largely influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the feed and the binders or additives used. The paper presents the experimental researches conducted for pelleting green fodder (alfalfa, wheat and rapeseed stalks) aimed to be used as animal feed and bedding, with and without using additives (corn starch and sugar beet). Following the experiments, series of analyses were performed to assess their quality. The use of additives was found to have a beneficial effect on the main quality attributes of animal feed pellets: better aspect, length, improved nutritional quality (from 3965.56 to 3989.08 by adding sugar beet), improved durability (from 87.2 to 94.5 % by adding corn starch), etc. This study has demonstrated the existence of direct proportionality (influence) between the pelleting process, main raw materials and the additives used and the quality parameters of animal feed pellets.

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Hay pellets — The influence of particle size reduction on their physical–mechanical quality and energy demand during production

Cited by 53 publications

References 24 publications

Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass

Foliage and Grass as Fuel Pellets–Small Scale Combustion of Washed and Mechanically Leached Biomass

Biomass densification: A review of the market and recent R&D trends

Influence of using additives on quality of pelletized fodder

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