Hashish in Morocco and Lebanon: A comparative study

Afsahi, Kenza; Darwich, Salem

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.024

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Islamic civilizations have had protracted and spirited descriptions of deliberation around the values and vices of cannabis. Specifically, Islamic (mainly Persian and Arabic) scientists, intellectuals, researchers, historiographers, and composers/poets have assessed cannabis usage in their respective social milieu [15,16]. Interestingly, cannabis was not merely a natural product of spiritual experience and unorthodox mysticism but had been mentioned in various Islamic medical literature, books, and pharmacopeia of several Islamic countries [7].…”

Section: Islamism and Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-Evaluation of Past to Present-Day Use of the Blissful Neuronal Nutraceutical “Cannabis”

Nadar¹,

McDonald²,

DeRuiter³

et al. 2022

JFNM

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The chronological events associated with cannabis utilization are viewed perceptively as matters/issues that happened from the period “before Christ” (BC) or “anno domini” (AD, “in the year of our Lord”) to the present time. Cannabis is one of the oldest natural products known to humanity worldwide and has been used by various civilizations, cultures, and religions before the birth of Christ. Interestingly, it is used to date and has the potential for future usage for centuries to come. Currently, the major religions around the world are Christianity, Islamism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism, Judaism, Confucianism, Bahá'í, Shinto, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism, with their precepts regarding the use of cannabis products. Similarly, the most noted ancient civilizations, including the Incan Civilization, Aztec Civilization, Roman Civilization, Ancient Greek Civilization, Chinese Civilization, Mayan Civilization, Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization, and Mesopotamian Civilization, have reported cannabis use. This review discusses cannabis in various civilizations and religions from the past to the present day.

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Section: Islamism and Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-Evaluation of Past to Present-Day Use of the Blissful Neuronal Nutraceutical “Cannabis”

Nadar¹,

McDonald²,

DeRuiter³

et al. 2022

JFNM

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“…Forest degradation intensifies soil erosion, inducing intense regression of woodlands and restraining regeneration of vegetation [68,69]. In addition, population growth causes an increased demand for land and resources, which explains the huge pressure on available natural resources, mainly forest and silvopastoral areas [30,70,71]. In general, the alarming degradation of forest and silvopastoral areas observed is due to the combination of both climatic and anthropic drivers [30].…”

Section: Silvopastoral Area Changes and Its Driversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silvopastoral System in Morocco: Focus on Their Importance, Strategic Functions, and Recent Changes in the Mediterranean Side

Otmani¹,

Elame²,

Moula

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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In the Mediterranean basin, the silvopastoral system has always been part of the regional economy. Silvopastoral areas contribute significantly to the development of the ecological and socio-economic factors of territorial sustainability. However, little attention has been paid to reviewing the importance, historical evolution, socio-economic conditions, and climate change impact of the southern Mediterranean region of northern Morocco. This review casts light on research on the silvopastoral systems in Morocco with a focus on the Mediterranean side. Sixty-nine peer-reviewed publications were selected for this systematic review. The findings revealed that silvopastoral areas play a very important role in animal feeding in Morocco. Animals are managed traditionally on these woodlands where they graze throughout the year. The silvopastoral system has undergone several changes over recent decades. These changes have had a direct impact on ecosystems, causing a decline in biodiversity, forest degradation, and an increase in land use at the expense of silvopastoral areas, mainly in the Mediterranean region of northern Morocco. Consequently, the sustainability of the silvopastoral systems would undoubtedly be negatively affected. The review finishes with some crucial strategies and propositions that could be encouraged to support sustainable management actions of silvopastoral resources. In the conclusion, we outline the need to assess the realistic socio-economic and ecological benefits of silvopastoral systems to promote their sustainable development.

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“…According to the World Health Organization Regional Office for the East Mediterranean (WHO-EMRO, 2016 ), refugee numbers have stretched the country’s capacity to respond to mental health, substance/drug use and related infectious diseases. Drugs produced and available in Lebanon include cannabis, heroin, cocaine, amphetamine type stimulants (ATS), synthetic drugs such as Captagon and more recently Salvia (Afsahi and Darwich, 2016 ; Kerbage & Haddad, 2014 ; Lebanon Ministry of Public Health, 2017 ; United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 2014 ; UNODC World Drug Report, 2020 ). While Lebanon has been classified as a drug transit country, routine surveillance of epidemiological variables such as the rates of substance use disorder, drug-related blood borne viral (BBV) transmission (particularly HIV and hepatitis), and treatment uptake is lacking (Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, 2017 ; MENAHRA, 2021 ; Van Hout & Wells, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and Responding to Substance Use and Abuse in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Prior to and During COVID-19 Times

Aaraj¹,

Haddad²,

Khalife³

et al. 2021

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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Due to its geographical proximity to the Syrian conflict and the occupied territories, Lebanon has experienced an influx of refugees in recent times. Palestinian refugees are an identified key vulnerable population, with displaced communities increasingly experiencing camp insecurity, vulnerability to drug use and related health harms. A qualitative study consisting of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) was undertaken as part of a regional exercise investigating Palestinian community experiences of substance and drug use in refugee camps. Thematic analysis triangulated the perspectives of 11 professional stakeholders representing United Nations, human rights and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and eight Palestinian community members. Emerging themes centered on the interplay between socio-economic instability, lack of law enforcement and camp governance contributing to concerning levels of familial, drug and camp violence, trafficking and availability of drugs. Transactional sex and the exploitation of women and children in drug dealing, diversification toward drug manufacture and dealing of drugs with the outside community were described. There is a lack of harm reduction and rehabilitation supports for those in need. This study highlights the complexities in tackling drug dealing and related criminal activity within refugee camps and humanitarian settings, and the vulnerabilities of those living within to harmful drug use.

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Hashish in Morocco and Lebanon: A comparative study

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

A Re-Evaluation of Past to Present-Day Use of the Blissful Neuronal Nutraceutical “Cannabis”

A Re-Evaluation of Past to Present-Day Use of the Blissful Neuronal Nutraceutical “Cannabis”

Silvopastoral System in Morocco: Focus on Their Importance, Strategic Functions, and Recent Changes in the Mediterranean Side

Understanding and Responding to Substance Use and Abuse in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Prior to and During COVID-19 Times

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