“…We expect social expenditure to reduce poverty and inequality (Kenworthy, 1999; Caminada and Goudswaard, 2009; Adema, Fron and Ladaique, 2014; ILO, 2014; Wang, Caminada and Goudswaard, 2014). Wang, Caminada and Goudswaard (2012) and Caminada et al (2019) find that public pensions account for the largest reduction in income inequality, but also that social assistance, disability benefits, family benefits and unemployment benefits are negatively associated with income inequality. Wang, Caminada and Goudswaard (2012), Wang, Caminada and Goudswaard (2014) and Caminada et al (2019) study redistribution by taking the difference between market income and disposable income, which is a useful accounting exercise.…”