Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China?

Lei, Huiqian; Yang, Jingzhen; Liu, Xiangxiang; Chen, Xiaojun; Li, Liping

doi:10.3390/ijerph13100964

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…214 Similar laws or guidance exist in many other countries (eg, the EU, UK, Australia); [215][216][217] however, such regulations are not universal, and even when in place, are inconsistently applied. 218 Child abuse or non-accidental trauma has become more widely recognised as an important cause of TBI in infants and children. Since awareness of child abuse has increased and family risk factors have been elucidated, local programmes have been developed in the USA and other countries to educate parents about the dangers and long-term effects of brain injury, and to provide caregiver relief and advice on coping skills for stress.…”

Section: Prevention Of Tbi In Children and Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research

Maas¹,

Menon²,

Adelson³

et al. 2017

The Lancet Neurology

1,774

1,261

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A concerted effort to tackle the global health problem posed by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is long overdue. TBI is a public health challenge of vast, but insufficiently recognised, proportions. Worldwide, more than 50 million people have a TBI each year, and it is estimated that about half the world's population will have one or more TBIs over their lifetime. TBI is the leading cause of mortality in young adults and a major cause of death and disability across all ages in all countries, with a disproportionate burden of disability and death occurring in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). It has been estimated that TBI costs the global economy approximately $US400 billion annually. Deficiencies in prevention, care, and research urgently need to be addressed to reduce the huge burden and societal costs of TBI. This Commission highlights priorities and provides expert recommendations for all stakeholders—policy makers, funders, health-care professionals, researchers, and patient representatives—on clinical and research strategies to reduce this growing public health problem and improve the lives of people with TBI.Additional co-authors: Endre Czeiter, Marek Czosnyka, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, Jens P Dreier, Ann-Christine Duhaime, Ari Ercole, Thomas A van Essen, Valery L Feigin, Guoyi Gao, Joseph Giacino, Laura E Gonzalez-Lara, Russell L Gruen, Deepak Gupta, Jed A Hartings, Sean Hill, Ji-yao Jiang, Naomi Ketharanathan, Erwin J O Kompanje, Linda Lanyon, Steven Laureys, Fiona Lecky, Harvey Levin, Hester F Lingsma, Marc Maegele, Marek Majdan, Geoffrey Manley, Jill Marsteller, Luciana Mascia, Charles McFadyen, Stefania Mondello, Virginia Newcombe, Aarno Palotie, Paul M Parizel, Wilco Peul, James Piercy, Suzanne Polinder, Louis Puybasset, Todd E Rasmussen, Rolf Rossaint, Peter Smielewski, Jeannette Söderberg, Simon J Stanworth, Murray B Stein, Nicole von Steinbüchel, William Stewart, Ewout W Steyerberg, Nino Stocchetti, Anneliese Synnot, Braden Te Ao, Olli Tenovuo, Alice Theadom, Dick Tibboel, Walter Videtta, Kevin K W Wang, W Huw Williams, Kristine Yaffe for the InTBIR Participants and Investigator

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Section: Prevention Of Tbi In Children and Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research

Maas¹,

Menon²,

Adelson³

et al. 2017

The Lancet Neurology

1,774

1,261

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This proportion is significantly lower than some high-income countries where rates of 86-99% have been reported [26]. However, the prevalence is comparable to other developing countries such as Mexico, Ghana and China [13,14,[27][28][29] where restraint use for children under 5 years of age is less than 4%. This is further supported by the findings from the survey and other studies which suggest that higher education levels and income levels are linked with increased CRS use and ownership [30] A large proportion of children (84%) were observed to be sitting in the front seat of the vehicles, unrestrained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Affordability and Availability of Child Restraints in an Under-Served Population in South Africa

Puvanachandra

Janmohammed

Mtambeka

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: Child road traffic injuries are a major global public health problem and the issue is particularly burdensome in middle-income countries such as South Africa where injury death rates are 41 per 100,000 for under 5′s and 24.5 per 100,000 for 5–14-year-old. Despite their known effectiveness in reducing injuries amongst children, the rates of use of child restraint systems (CRS) remains low in South Africa. Little is known about barriers to child restraint use especially in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We carried out observation studies and parent/carer surveys in 7 suburbs of Cape Town over a three month period to assess usage rates and explore the knowledge and perceptions of parents towards child restraint legislation, ownership and cost; Results: Only 7.8% of child passengers were observed to be properly restrained in a CRS with driver seatbelt use and single child occupancy being associated with higher child restraint use. 92% of survey respondents claimed to have knowledge of current child restraint legislation, however, only 32% of those parents/carers were able to correctly identify the age requirements and penalty. Reasons given for not owning a child seat included high cost and the belief that seatbelts were a suitable alternative. Conclusions: These findings indicate the need for a tighter legislation with an increased fine paired with enhanced enforcement of both adult seatbelt and child restraint use. The provision of low-cost/subsidised CRS or borrowing schemes and targeted social marketing through online fora, well baby clinics, early learning centres would be beneficial in increasing ownership and use of CRS.

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“…Similar methods were used for the three studies, with each consisting of two components: direct observation and in-person survey. For purpose of this study only data collected from direct observations were analyzed and reported [11,12].…”

Section: Study Setting and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data were collected from each study site for only one time using the established observation instrument [11,12]. Data collection conducted at the school gate was completed from 16:00-17:30 and at the hospital parking lot was completed from 9:00-12:30 and 14:00-18:00 on weekdays.…”

Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shantou is a coastal city located in the southeast of China with no CRS law. To provide empirical data on current use of CRS in Shantou, our research team conducted three large-scale cross-sectional studies in 2012, [11] 2015, [12] and 2017, [13] respectively. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of child passenger restraint use while riding in a car in the Shantou province in China, from 2012 to 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of child passenger restraint use in Shantou, China from 2012 to 2017

et al. 2020

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Background: Child passenger safety is an important public health problem in China. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of child passenger restraint use while riding in a car in the city of Shantou in China from 2012 to 2017. Methods: Three large-scale cross-sectional observational studies were conducted in 2012, 2015 and 2017, respectively. The observation sites included randomly selected hospitals, kindergartens, and primary and secondary schools. The outcome measures included the changes in percentages of seating position (e.g., front vs. rear), whether sitting on lap, and use of child restraint systems (CRS) or seat belts by year and by age group. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to address the study aims. Results: A total of 9858 commuting children aged 17 and younger were observed in passenger cars in Shantou, China during the study. The proportion of children aged 0-5 sitting on adult's lap decreased from 26.6% in 2012 to 24.6% in 2017, while the proportion of CRS use among the children sitting in the rear row increased among children aged 0-5 (from 0.7% in 2012 to 14.2% in 2017) and children aged 6-11 (from 0.7% in 2012 to 2.4% in 2017). Comparing children aged 0-11 in 2012, children in the same ages were less likely to sit in the front row in 2015 (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.37, 0.48) and in 2017 (OR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.23, 0.31). Children aged 0-11 were more likely to sit in the rear row with CRS use in 2015 (OR = 8.50, 95%CI = 5.44, 13.28) and in 2017 (OR = 10.95, 95%CI = 7.02, 17.08) comparing with children in the same ages in 2012. As for children aged 12-17, they were more likely to use seat belt in 2017 (OR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.06, 1.85) compared with those children in 2012. Conclusions: While child passenger safety behaviors improved from 2012 to 2017 in Shantou, China, more efforts are needed to protect child passengers from injuries.

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Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China?

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research

Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research

Affordability and Availability of Child Restraints in an Under-Served Population in South Africa

Prevalence of child passenger restraint use in Shantou, China from 2012 to 2017

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