HarvestPlus: Breeding Crops for Better Nutrition

Abstract

Micronutrient malnutrition, the so‐called hidden hunger, affects more than one‐half of the world's population, especially women and preschool children in developing countries. Despite past progress in controlling micronutrient decencies through supplementation and food fortification, new approaches are needed to expand the reach of food‐based interventions. Biofortification, a new approach that relies on conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to increase the micronutrient density of staple crops, holds great promise for improving the nutritional status and health of poor populations in both rural and urban areas of the developing world. HarvestPlus, a research program implemented with the international research institutes of the CGIAR, targets a multitude of crops that are a regular part of the staple‐based diets of the poor and breeds them to be rich in iron, zinc, and provitamin A. This paper emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and addresses the key research issues and methodological considerations for success. The major activities to be undertaken are broadly grouped into research related to nutrition research and impact analysis, and research considerations for delivering biofortified crops to end‐users effectively. The paper places particular emphasis on the activities of the plant breeding and genetics component of this multidisciplinary program. The authors argue that for biofortification to succeed, product profiles developed by plant breeders must be driven by nutrition research and impact objectives and that nutrition research must understand that the probability of success for biofortified crops increases substantially when product concepts consider farmer adoption and, hence, agronomic superiority.

Variabilidade de genótipos de milho quanto à composição de carotenoides nos grãos

“…Teor e perfi l de carotenoides nos grãos de 134 genótipos de milho. seleção pela intensidade de cor dos grãos, no entanto, segundo Pfeiffer & McClafferty (2007) a coloração visual do grão de milho é dominada por carotenoides que não possuem atividade pró-vitamina A, luteína e zeaxantina (xantofi las di-hidroxiladas). Uma seleção somente por cor pode ser aplicada para separar grãos brancos ou levemente amarelos dos grãos de cores amarelo-intenso ou laranja.…”

“…Altos valores de xantofi la mono-hidroxilada são desejáveis para melhorar a quantidade de vitamina A no milho (Pfeiffer & McClafferty, 2007). O melhor resultado para conteúdo de carotenoides pró-vitamina A foi da linhagem 540727-1, com 11,30 µg g -1 (carotenos mais xantofi la mono-hidroxilada), em base úmida, muito próximo ao resultado obtido por Hulshof et al (2007), de 14,77 µg g -1 , em base seca, e superior ao valor de 8,90 µg g -1 , em base seca, obtido por Kurilich & Juvik (1999).…”

“…A biofortificação caracteriza-se pelo aumento no conteúdo de nutrientes nos alimentos, por meio de melhoramento genético convencional ou da engenharia genética (Pfeiffer & McClafferty, 2007).…”

“…As xantofi las, luteína e zeaxantina encontram-se em maior concentração no grão (90%), enquanto o betacaroteno perfaz a menor concentração (5%) (Cabuela, 1971). Análises de nutrientes no milho mostram diferenças signifi cativas na concentração de carotenoides totais (que varia de 0 a 68 µg g -1 ) e de carotenos (que varia de 0,0 a 4,1 µg g -1 ) (Blessin et al, 1963;Quackenbush et al, 1963;Berardo et al, 2004).…”

Nutritionally Enhanced Staple Food Crops

“…Prebreeding feasibility studies have been performed on banana, barley, cowpea, groundnut (peanut), lentil, millet, pigeon pea, plantains, potatoes, sorghum, and yams. This program is a multinational, multisectoral, multidisciplinary, multicrop, multinutrient, and multipartnered undertaking (Pfeiffer and McClafferty 2007;Bouis and Islam 2011).…”