Harnessing stimuli‐responsive biomaterials for advanced biomedical applications

Abstract

Cell behavior is intricately intertwined with the in vivo microenvironment and endogenous pathways. The ability to guide cellular behavior toward specific goals can be achieved by external stimuli, notably electricity, light, ultrasound, and magnetism, simultaneously harnessed through biomaterial‐mediated responses. These external triggers become focal points within the body due to interactions with biomaterials, facilitating a range of cellular pathways: electrical signal transmission, biochemical cues, drug release, cell loading, and modulation of mechanical stress. Stimulus‐responsive biomaterials hold immense potential in biomedical research, establishing themselves as a pivotal focal point in interdisciplinary pursuits. This comprehensive review systematically elucidates prevalent physical stimuli and their corresponding biomaterial response mechanisms. Moreover, it delves deeply into the application of biomaterials within the domain of biomedicine. A balanced assessment of distinct physical stimulation techniques is provided, along with a discussion of their merits and limitations. The review aims to shed light on the future trajectory of physical stimulus‐responsive biomaterials in disease treatment and outline their application prospects and potential for future development. This review is poised to spark novel concepts for advancing intelligent, stimulus‐responsive biomaterials.

Preparation of Graphene Oxide/Polymer Hybrid Microcapsules via Photopolymerization for Double Self-Healing Anticorrosion Coatings

“…In extrinsic self-healing coatings, the healing agent loaded in the microcontainer flows out and fills the scratches when the coating is scratched, thus realizing the healing of the coating. The microcapsule has become the most commonly used microcontainer in the extrinsic self-healing system due to the advantages of the mature preparation process and uniform dispersion state. − For the microcapsule applied in coating, it often faces harsh conditions such as solvent immersion and high-speed shear, which require higher performance of microcapsules. The hybrid shell structure − was always meant to be constructed to improve the microcapsule performance, such as mechanical property, solvent resistance property, and barrier property.…”

Flexible Sono–Piezo Patch for Functional Sweat Gland Repair through Endogenous Microenvironmental Remodeling

“…Endogenous electric fields (EFs) generated by transepithelial potential differences have been shown to play a crucial role in neurogenesis and tissue regeneration. , External electrical stimulation has recently gained attention for its ability to mimic endogenous EFs and expedite wound healing . It triggers cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, leading to reduced inflammation, faster angiogenesis, and enhanced nerve repair. , However, the use of large extracorporeal power supplies and complex cabling in clinical applications poses challenges that limit postoperative recovery and physical activity, ultimately impacting the patient’s overall quality of life. − Ultrasound (US)-stimulated piezoelectric materials offer a solution to these challenges by enabling US-driven wireless electrical stimulation through the conversion of acoustic mechanics into electricity. − US, especially the low-intensity pulsed US (LIPUS), is effective in promoting fracture healing and soft tissue regeneration, , showing enhanced mechanical stimulation and minimal thermal detriment . In particular, the synergy of LIPUS and piezoelectric materials offers a promising strategy for better therapeutic outcomes.…”