This
study evaluated the application of a gluten-based edible film
(GBEF) as a biodegradable active packaging (BAP) system made up of
gluten incorporated with beetroot extract (BE) and ZnO nanoparticles
(ZnONPs). The reliability of ratings of the compositions of GBEF was
statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s
post hoc test by assessing the functional properties as well as antioxidant
and antibacterial activities. An increased amount of BE from 0.5 to
1.5% in the matrix of GBEF incorporated with 0.1% ZnONPs can increase
the antioxidant activity (the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay)
from 11.32 to 27.09%. In the matrix of GBEF incorporated with 0.5%
BE, an increase in the amount of ZnONPs from 0.1 to 0.4% can enhance
the antibacterial activity by 96.43% against Escherichia
coli and by 40.00% against Staphylococcus
aureus and decrease its antioxidant activity by 4.16%
from 11.32 to 7.16%. The diameter sizes in the inhibition zones of E. coli and S. aureus differed from each other due to the electrostatic interactions of
ZnONPs with E. coli being different
from those with S. aureus. The combination
of ZnONPs with BE created a tighter structure of the ZnO–gluten
matrix with an even distribution of ZnONPs, which formed a barrier
that caused a limited diffusion of water molecules. GBEF was characterized
by a water vapor transmission rate below of 10 g/m2/24
h, thickness of less than 0.25 mm, tensile strength of stronger than
70 MPa, and elongation at break of greater than 0.3%, complying with
Japanese Industrial Standards. The proposed BAP system will contribute
to edible and eco-friendly food packaging applications.