“…The state-of-the-art nitrate treatments are biological nitrification–denitrification for wastewater treatment and physical separation technologies, such as ion-exchange and reverse osmosis, for drinking water. , These approaches are effective for removing NO 3 – in the form of N 2 (biological nitrification–denitrification) or to displace NO 3 – into a more concentrated secondary waste stream (ion-exchange, reverse osmosis). Electrochemical approaches have been proposed to recover nitrogen nutrients by driving the thermodynamically favorable NO 3 – to NH 3 conversion instead of reducing it to N 2 . ,− Therefore, electrocatalytic NO 3 – reduction to NH 3 has been extensively investigated in recent work. The performances of metallic (Ti, Cu, − Co, , Ru, Ni, Fe, and Bi) and bimetallic (CuCo, CuNi, , and CuPd − ) electrocatalysts have been reported at various pH levels and NO 3 – concentrations.…”